Why was Edo renamed Tokyo?

Location and boundaries. Square.

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JAPAN

Located in the southeastern part of the Pacific coast of the island of Honshu, on the Kanto Plain, at the confluence of the Edogawa, Arakawa, Sumida, and Tama rivers into Tokyo Bay. Tokyo Metropolitan Prefecture (Greater Tokyo) is a highly urbanized area with a total area of ​​2187 square meters. km. Its administrative boundaries include Tokyo itself (615.8 sq. km, 23 administrative districts), 26 other cities, 24 urban or rural villages (located including on the islands of Izu and Ogasawara). The capital prefecture and the adjacent prefectures of Kanagawa, Chiba, Saitama form the so-called Tokyo metropolitan area, or the Metropolitan area (Shutoken). Together with Yokohama, it forms the world's largest metropolis, Tokyo-Yokohama.

History of Tokyo

CONTENT

Tokyo has been inhabited for thousands of years

Many travelers like to know the history of a city or country before going on vacation there. Take the capital city of Tokyo. This city has an interesting and bustling history dating back at least 30,000 years. We will try to place these 30,000 years in chronological order with the most important events in the history of Tokyo. Some events had such a big impact that they changed the entire country.

Overview of Japanese History

30,000 BC

Archaeologists have discovered 30,000-year-old remains of people and houses on the site of today's Tokyo. This indicates that the region was already of interest to the Japanese, probably due to its advantageous location on Tokyo Bay, which allowed for fish trading. From here the history of Tokyo will be written and it will forever leave its mark on Japan.

6th century

Japanese culture began to flourish in the 6th century. The Japanese constantly followed the example of their Chinese neighbors - most of the Buddhist schools in Japan originated from similar schools in China, they underwent independent development, and now differ significantly from the corresponding Chinese schools. Over time, the Japanese will receive their own writing (today, along with the original Chinese characters, they use signs invented in Japan itself: the so-called kokuji) and typical architecture. In 794, the imperial family founded Japan's first capital, Heiankyo, now Kyoto. Tokyo will receive this status only after 1000 years.

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Middle Ages

In the Middle Ages, during the English feudal period, around the end of the 12th century, there was a warlord, Minamoto Yoritomo, who won the first real civil war in Japan. This gave him the opportunity to found the shogunate and become its first ruler (1192–1199). He overthrew the imperial family and founded a new capital in Kamakura, a small fishing village where he himself came from. Yoritomo came to power through a military government and is therefore effectively the first shogun of Japan, and shogun is the Japanese word for military dictator.

Origin of the Samurai

During the Kamakura period, between 1192 and 1333, the term samurai arose. The samurai were a group of warriors who lived by a strict code and were bound by allegiance to a lord or ruler. The samurai swore to protect the ruler to the death. If the samurai failed to complete this task, they had to die with honor by committing ritual suicide "seppuku".

Tokugawa Leiasu

In the second half of the 16th century, as a result of numerous civil wars, a military strategist named Tokugawa Leyasu rose to power. Prince Minamoto, diplomat and military leader, founder of the Tokugawa shogun dynasty, this ruler cleverly killed all his opponents and ensured that his family would rule Japan for 250 years. Around this time, Tokyo began to grow and become increasingly important for trade.

Japanese stock company

Japanese class society becomes a fact in Japan when the daimyo strengthened their position by establishing a four-class system in the late sixteenth century. Traders belong to the lowest position, followed by artisans and farmers. The military occupies the top level, headed by the shogun. After this, Japan's 69 provinces are ruled by daimyos, including lords and local officials. Each lord has several warriors - samurai. The difference between classes is hereditary and plays a very important role in ancient Japanese culture. For example, samurai nobility is hereditary. Because of this, they are not allowed to marry into the lower classes.

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A great sense of ethics, fidelity, loyalty and willingness to die for the lord are typical virtues of Bushido . These more elite classes use the typical norms and values ​​with which they are raised from childhood. For example, literature, culture and various forms of art, including martial arts, are constant components of education. The general ideal for this is the "way of the samurai", the samurai code of Bushido , a set of laws, requirements and rules for the conduct of a true samurai in society, in battle and alone. This includes knowledge of tea ceremonies, Chinese literature, calligraphy, archery, flower arranging (ikebana), swordsmanship and fighting.

Did you know that Tokyo has only existed for 150 years? The former name of Tokyo was Edo

Edo period

At the end of the 17th century, the city of Edo began to grow. At the same time, rapid population growth and increasing social inequality led to a deterioration in the situation of the common people and the accumulation of instability within the country. Samurai rulers who had lands with an income of over 10 thousand koku were called daimyo and were in a suzerain-vassal relationship with the shogun. Tokugawa relatives came up with a kind of “Edo prison” for warlords and daimyo. Japan had about 270 different daimyos and warlords, making it difficult to govern the country. For control purposes, the family of every Japanese daimyo and warlord was kept in Edo, and lords were also required to spend several months in Edo. This ensured stability and good relations within the country and prevented civil wars.

Edo is actually Tokyo. The city changed its name to Tokyo in 1868. The city was an important figure in maintaining peace in Japan

4 Most Powerful Clans of Early Japan

Japan opens its doors to foreigners

Around 1850, it became clear that Japan could not continue to grow under the current government and the principles established in the Middle Ages. American Captain C. Perry convinced the then-dominant shogun to sign a contract that made trade with foreign countries possible. This marked the end of the Tokugawa family's reign. In 1866–1869, the leaders of the Satsuma and Choshu principalities managed to overthrow the power of the Tokugawa Shogunate and restore imperial rule. Emperor Meiji took control of Japan. This is the beginning of the Meiji Restoration (Me 維新 or Meiji Ishin), named after the emperor. Emperor Meiji immediately moved the capital from Japan to Edo and changed the name to Tokyo.

The Second World War

Hiroshima and Nagasaki. CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY. 16+

Between 1930 and 1940, Japan was busy expanding its colonies in Asia and conquering many countries such as Hong Kong, parts of China, Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, Dutch Indonesia and many more. Ultimately, she made the wrong move in this offensive by attacking Pearl Harbor in 1941. It was one of the largest US Navy ports outside of America. Because of this attack, Japan could no longer be ignored, and from that point on, it became part of World War II. America dropped two atomic bombs on the peaceful Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The destruction was terrible and literally nothing remained of the cities. Japan was occupied by the US and the era of peace had finally arrived.

Relations between Germany and Japan in the pre-war period. Creation of the Axis alliance.

Current Tokyo and Japan

After the war, Japan emerged as the leading trading country in Asia, with Tokyo as its capital. The Japanese adapted easily and avoided conflicts with other countries, which allowed them to continue to develop. Japan is now a pioneer in technology and has a large high-tech industry, which is also reflected in today's Tokyo.

Important dates in Japanese history

A series of memorable dates have made Tokyo the world city it is today.

• 300 BC – Yayoi period, the emergence of new technology and skills borrowed from China.
• 645 – Kotoku becomes Emperor of Japan.
• 794 – Heian era.
• 1100 - The Taira and Minamoto clans fight for power in Japan.
• 1180 - The Minamoto clan gains power in the country.
• 1192 – Yoritomo assumes the title of shogun and heads the government known as the Shigunate.
• 1281 - attempt to conquer Japan by the Mongols
• 1330 – The Ashikaga clan seizes power.
• 1467 - the beginning of the period of feudal fragmentation
• 1543 - arrival of the first Europeans
• 1549 – Portuguese missionary Saint Francis Xavier arrives in Japan. The Portuguese are the most successful among other countries in establishing trade relations with Japan.
• 1592 - attempts at military expansion to the mainland

• 1603 – The Emperor grants the title of shogun to Tokugawa Ieyasu. This title remained with the clan for 265 years.
• 1630 - Japan ceases relations with all foreign countries for the next two hundred years.
• 1688 - the beginning of the cultural blossoming of Japan

• 1787 - The first official census of Edo (Tokyo) confirmed a population of 1.3 million people
• 1853 - C. Perry US Navy signs trade treaty at Edo (Tokyo)
• 1854 - Japan agrees to open two trading ports to the United States.
• 1868 - Tokyo is the new capital of Japan, officially no longer having Edo
• 1868 - Emperor Meiji announced the official return of imperial power and was named divine ruler.
• 1873 - Ueno Park opens as the first public park in Tokyo
• 1895 - Japan conquers Taiwan. 1910 - Japan invades Korea.
• 1910 - Japan invades Korea.
• 1914-1918 – World War I, Japan declares war on Germany. 1923 - Tokyo and Yokohama are hit by an earthquake, killing approximately 100,000 people.
• 1931 – Japan conquers Manchuria
• 1936 - Japan signs an anti-communist pact with Germany and Italy.

• 1937 - Japan wages war on China and conquers Nanjing, an important government city in China.
• 1940 - Japan enters into an alliance with Germany and Italy.
• 1940 - Japan enters World War II, occupying the northern part of French Indochina.
• 1941 - attack on Pearl Harbor
• July 18, 1944 - Decline of the government led by Prime Minister Tojo.
• 1945 - Atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, end of World War II
• September 2, 1945 - Official surrender of Japan, end of World War II.
• 1946 - Japan receives a democratic constitution
• 1952 - The Allied occupation of Japan ends. The US continues to occupy Japan.
• 1956 - Japan became a member of the United Nations
• 1964 - Winter Olympics in Tokyo
• Anno now - Your vacation in Tokyo, Japan?
• 2020 - Summer Olympics in Tokyo

The Japanese man was fired for being too smart!

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Transport hubs. Airports.

Tokyo is the main transport hub of the country. High-speed railway lines and expressways converge on it, for which overpasses with complex multi-level interchanges are laid through densely built areas. The port of Tokyo is one of the most important centers of maritime transport (in terms of trade turnover, it is the second in Japan after Yokohama). Tokyo has two airports, but they are among the largest and most modern in the world. Narita Airport is located 80 km northeast of Tokyo and accepts international flights. Haneda Airport is located on the shores of Tokyo Bay, 14 km from the city center, and specializes in domestic transportation. Both airports are connected by rail to Main Station in central Tokyo. Shinkansen high-speed trains and express trains on the Tokaido Line (Nagoya, Kyoto, Kobe, Osaka, Hiroshima, Kyushu Island) arrive at this station. Trains on the Tohoku Line (Sendai and Morioka) arrive at Ueno Station, north of Tokyo Main Station. Trains from Niigata also arrive here. Trains to the Japanese Alps (Matsumoto) depart from Shinjuku Station. Rail services also play an important role in connecting various parts of the Tokyo metropolis, which is penetrated by an extensive network of subway lines, elevated trains and monorails. More than 25 million people use the transport system every day. Each train line in Tokyo has its own color. The Yamanote Line (green or silver with green stripes) is a 35 km ring around the central part of the city. The train makes a circle in an hour, passing 29 stops, including important transport hubs of the city (Yurakucho, Shinbashi, Shinagawa, Hibiya, Shinjuku, Ueno). The Chuo Line - orange - runs from east to west Tokyo to the suburb of Takao. During the day, trains pass through the city center almost without stopping. The city center is served by the Sobu Line (yellow). The Keihin Tohoku Line (blue) runs from the north (Omiya area in Saitama Prefecture) to the south (Ofuna area in Kanagawa Prefecture).

City Tokyo, Japan

Show weather Tokyo is an ultra-modern mega-city, one of the few world capitals whose recognition seeks international economic stock markets, at the same time combined with ancient traditions, history and rich culture.

The city of Tokyo has very rich roots in its history, and here is the most important home of the Japanese Emperor - the Imperial Palace . Japan is primarily a state with monarchical along with parliamentary government. This super metropolis is home to more than 10% of the total population of the Japanese archipelago, that is, more than 12 million of the population today live in Tokyo (a quarter of all Japanese), while the total number of people living in Japan is 123 million. This is an urban area in which a wide variety of cultures are intertwined and traditions of Japan and throughout Asia.

The city was previously called "Edo" (an old name for Tokyo).

Tokyo as a city is divided into separate districts, some of the oldest of which are Kyoto and the Nara district. Tokyo is home to countless different historical centers and Buddhist monuments. The local population professes Buddhism and Shintoism, you should always know that what we take for granted they will consider more than unacceptable. A special place in Japanese religion is occupied by the veneration of the spirits of their ancestors, those who lived and worked so that today many would live in a calm and prosperous common world.

Imperial Palace, Tokyo Station and Ginza District

Ever since those distant times when the city was called Edo, this area has already been the cultural, political and business center of the entire city. Downtown neighborhoods: Otemachi, Marunouchi, Hibiya, and Ginza.

The Imperial Palace is located in the very center of the city, right next to Tokyo Central Station. This palace was the residence of the shoguns during the Edo period, and its old name was Edo Castle. The Emperor's Palace was built in 1888, and during the Great War it was destroyed and restored. The opportunity to visit the territory of this palace is possible only 2 times a year: January 2 (New Year) and December 23, that is, the emperor’s birthday. But on another ordinary day, you can visit the East Garden and the Imperial Palace Plaza, which is located right in front of the main entrance to the palace grounds - this place is called Nijubashi.

Also a must know; The closest subway station to this location is Nijubashimae, which is on the Chiyoda Line.

.Ginza is one of the most prestigious shopping areas in the city of Tokyo .. In addition, prices are very high here, for example, famous department stores and restaurants in Ginza have the highest prices in the entire city. Before coming here, be sure to stock up on a couple of $100 extra dollars. There are three places to visit in the area that can be highlighted. The first of them is the Kabuki Theater. The building of the Sony Corporation, the building has a show room where all the latest technological products of the corporation are on display. Do you like fresh fish? Then you should go to the largest fish market in Japan - Tsukiji, which should be visited early in the morning (about 5 or 6 o'clock) in order to catch the wholesale trade of freshly caught fish and other seafood (a lot of attention is attracted to unusually large tuna size).

Kasumigaseki, Akasaka, Roppongi, Shiba

The main political center of Tokyo and all of Japan; is the Kasumigaseki area. Since the overwhelming number of ministries are concentrated in this place, including the Parliament Building. Just a few minutes from Kasumigaseki is Akasaka.

Akasaka is one of the most prestigious areas of Tokyo. This place is home to five-star, first-class hotels and gourmet restaurants for special VIPs.

The residence of the Crown Prince and Princess of Japan is Togu Palace, also located in Akasaka. The construction of this building was completed in 1974. The external architectural ensemble in some way resembles Buckingham Palace in London, and the interior design of the Japanese designers, so to speak, “spied” them on the Palace of Versailles. Today, the main function of this residence is to receive especially important state guests. Adjacent to the Akasaka district is another district - Roppongi. Don’t be surprised if, for example, you come across a lot of foreigners here. But this is no coincidence, since Roppongi is an embassy district. Here (as in Akasaka) there are many embassies of countries around the world, including Russia. At night, Roppongi becomes almost the most popular among many foreigners, night discos, bars and restaurants come alive.

Tokyo Tower The main attraction of the Shiba area is Tower .

One of the most important prototypes of the Tokyo Tower was the famous Eiffel Tower of Paris. Construction of the tower was completed in 1954. The total height of the structure is 333 meters (this is 10 meters higher than the height of the Eiffel Tower) even after 50 years, this steel structure is the tallest building in all of Japan. The main observation deck was built at an altitude of 150 meters, if you rise another 100 meters higher, there will be one more special observation deck, from a height of more than 250 meters; in dry, clear weather you can see the magnificent symbol of Japan - Mount Fuji (Fujiyama). At the very foot of the TV tower there is an aquarium and a wax museum; the museum features about 100 world celebrities.

In Shiba Koen Park there is a Buddhist temple called Jojoji, it was built in 1393 by order of one of the shoguns of the Tokugawa clan. Six shoguns of the Tokugawa clan are buried on the temple grounds.

Asakusa.

If you want to breathe in and feel the atmosphere of modern Tokyo that reigned during the Edo period, then you definitely need to visit the Asakusa area. The permanent symbol of the area is the Buddhist temple - Asakusa Kannon. The Asakusa area is popular for traditional festivals and seasonal fairs. In addition, Asakusa is a kind of city on a river. Directly from here you can take a small boat on a short cruise (lasting an average of 40 or 50 minutes) along the Sumida River.

In addition, from Tobu Asakusa Station it is very convenient to get to the next place; Nikko National Park. To do this, you just need to take the Tobu Isesaki railway line. On average, travel time takes approximately 2 hours.

Ueno For all Japanese looking for a new life in the capital, since ancient times, JR Ueno station has served as a kind of gateway to Tokyo for those arriving from the north. Today, all high-speed train lines have been extended to Tokyo Central Station, but still, many Japanese still remember the glory of Ueno of bygone years. Today Ueno is a kind of cultural Mecca. In Ueno Park there is the world-famous Tokyo University; there are also many different museums, ranging from historical to scientific and technical; with the historical finds presented there, real ancient artifacts that were found by archaeological scientists and the technology of the local university and country, the main zoo of Japan has found its place here. This zoo received its first guests back in 1882.

Tokyo National Museum. This amazing museum has one of the best collections of Japanese art under its roof. More than 90,000 items are on display. In the Main Building, everyone was invited to get acquainted with ancient Japanese art. And the Heisei Wing contains archaeological finds from various historical eras.

One can get a good look at the whole oriental art in the Toyo Wing. The museum houses the Horyuji Gallery, which contains some valuables that were brought from the Horyuji Buddhist Temple (this temple is located in Nara Prefecture) for public display and protection.

The Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum is a great place for the annual exhibition Nihon-ga - it presents paintings all done in a purely Japanese style of painting. Shitamachi Museum - gives a clear idea of ​​the life of ordinary Japanese people during the Meiji (1868-1912) and Taisho (1912-1925) eras.

Shinjuku West Shinjuku (Nishi Shinjuku) is a real business district of Tokyo, even a kind of “concrete jungle” consisting of tall skyscrapers. The main visiting card of Nishi-Shinjuku is the building of the Tokyo Municipality.

Tall buildings provide a comfortable observation point, the most popular observation decks are in the following skyscrapers: Tokyo Metropolitan Government (at an altitude of 243 m, small cafes, overlooking the city); Shinjuku Center Building (at an altitude of 223 m); Shinjuku Sumitomo Building (height 212 m, there are restaurants and cafes overlooking the city); Shunjuku NS Building (height 121 m, there are restaurants and cafes overlooking the city).

East Shinjuku (Higashi Shinjuku) is a completely different area - the area is called Kabukicho with many inexpensive restaurants, bars and other nightclubs. By the way, this area is not recommended or should not be visited at all alone, especially for women (cases of attacks and so on are not uncommon).

Tokyo Metropolitan Government Office. This building, which is occupied by the Tokyo Municipality, was erected in 1991 by one very famous Japanese architect named Kenzo Tange. The structure consists of 48 floors, the building rises 243 meters above the ground. The observation deck is located on the 45th floor, offering views of Tokyo and Mount Fuji (but only in clear weather, since in cloudy weather fogs form that obscure this beautiful view with a white veil, especially in the morning or evening).

Tokyo Opera City is located southwest of Nishi-Shinjuku. The opening of this 54-story complex took place in 1996. This complex consists of the New National Theater and the Tokyo Opera City Tower.

Takashimaya Times Square.

The prototype of the famous New Yurka Street is located literally a few minutes walk from Shinjuku Station and there is a huge shopping and entertainment complex. In this place there is one of the largest department stores in Japan - Takashimaya, a Tokyu Hands store - similar to Soviet stores (Do It Yourself), also a bookstore, a music CD / DVD store, and there is also an unusual virtual theater Tokyo Imax Theatre, in which shows the latest films on a giant screen and in 3D graphics. All women will be especially interested in visiting a place called Le Grand Sosie, where you can not only see but also try the latest new Japanese cosmetics.

Shibuya, Harajuku, Aoyama

Since the last century; that is, throughout the 20th century, Shibuya is very famous as a trendsetter of fashion itself. Basically, various branded world fashion boutiques from the world's most popular brands are concentrated here, but boutiques of completely unknown brands are also open, but they are in particular demand among the Japanese (especially advanced teenagers of our time). Tokyo's most famous temple is located in Harajuku - Meiji-jingu. Aoyama is close to Shibuya, here the character is completely different from the earlier one. This is, first of all, a more respectable quarter, where boutiques and restaurants contain only the most expensive and most famous Japanese and European brands.

Shibuya Mark City - this shopping complex is considered almost the most popular among young Japanese; the complex was opened in 2000 and includes about 50 stores selling fashionable clothes and also inexpensive restaurants.

Shibuya 109 is a large shopping complex that has gained popularity especially among teenagers. it has 2 underground and 6 above-ground floors, in general, all filled only with restaurants and shops.

Meiji Shinto Shrine (Meiji-jingu). The most famous temple in all of Tokyo. The temple was built in honor of Emperor Meiji. Meiji Shrine is surrounded by Yoyogi Park, with a total area of ​​more than 700,000 square meters. m, this area makes it one of the largest parks in all of Japan.

Ikebukuro Ikebukuro is home to two of the largest department stores in the world today, one of the fastest elevators in the world, and even the 2nd tallest building in Tokyo. Literally, this unusual area can be divided into two; that is, one Western (Nishi-Ikebukuro) and the second Eastern (Higashi-Ikebukuro). The second is eastern Ikebukuro - one of the busiest places in Tokyo, which does not subside day or night.

As the day begins, life begins to bustle in large department stores, countless cafes, restaurants and boutiques of the latest fashion; as evening falls, the noisy flow quietly moves into bars, restaurants and karaoke clubs fill up (by the way, these karaoke clubs are very popular in Tokyo). But in western Ikebukuro, the atmosphere is completely different, even though there are also many shopping and entertainment establishments. In western Ikebukuro, the Tokyo Art Theater, second-hand bookstores and a couple of universities have been built, one of them is Rikkyo Christian University.

SEIBU Department Store - It was built in 1915 by the Seibu Railway Company. 1962 turned into a tragedy for the department store as there was a fire in the store, which killed 7 people, after which SEYBU was closed for repair work. But after several years, Seibu still opened its doors to buyers. Today, Seibu is a department store that is considered one of the most visited department stores in Tokyo. By the way, its opening hours are from 10 am to 8 pm (do not forget that the time may change).

Akihabara District Akihabara - has gained worldwide fame due to its electronic and everyday richness; this area is also called “Electronic City”. Hundreds of stores offer almost if not every variety of electronics and home appliances. Also some stores with Russian-speaking staff and some tax-free stores. In addition, for all foreign tourists who are somehow interested in electronics, Akihabara will be very attractive because of the great opportunity to purchase almost any new Japanese technology at a price that is not as expensive as in the country of residence. By the way, the most popular duty-free shops are called Laox.

Shinagawa, Takanawa During the Edo period, the Shinagawa-Takanawa area was not part of Tokyo, but was an independent small town south of Tokyo, through which all travelers from Edo to Kyoto passed. But today this area has become a kind of business center in Tokyo, located just three stations from the historical center. The head offices of many Japanese companies are located here, including Sony Corporation (Sony Corporation, also known as the manufacturer of the gaming platform of the same name - Sony PlayStation, Sony PlayStation 2 and the recently released cell-based Sony PlayStation 3 platform). One of the largest concentrations of hotels in Tokyo is located near Shinagawa Station. Hotels are divided mainly: as inexpensive, but quite comfortable, no more than 3*, there are also 5* hotels belonging to well-known international hotel chains such as Le Meridien and Radisson.

Sengakuji Temple is very small, but famous throughout Japan for its rather sad history. At the end of 1702, on December 14, 47 samurai committed hara-kiri in the temple.

Rainbow Bridge - Famous in appearance, the city's most important bridge is a real landmark of Tokyo. The bridge connects Tokyo and Odaiba together. There is a motorway, a highway (toll road) and a monorail on it. There is also a free pedestrian path 918 meters long on the bridge, along which you can take a leisurely walk from Tokyo to Odaiba or back, on average the complete crossing time in one direction takes no more than half an hour (30 minutes).

AQUA CITY ODAIBA is a real paradise for those who cannot live without shopping; and a special place for gourmets. MEDIAGE is a modern entertainment complex with a multiplex cinema (13 screens), the complex is adjacent to Aqua City.

The PALETTE TOWN amusement park has one of the tallest Ferris wheels in the world, located in Odaiba. The Giant Sky Wheel has a diameter of 115 meters; as evening approaches, the wheel is illuminated with many thousands of multi-colored lights, all of which gives the structure a special scale. In 16 minutes the wheel makes a full circle. The price of one ticket is approximately 900 yen. At the foot of this wheel is built one of the world's largest venues for concerts and performances - Zepp Tokyo.

VENUS FORT is a large retail complex: the center is suitable for those who like to make expensive purchases. The interior of the building is decorated in the style of Caesar's Roman Palace. Like in ancient Rome, there are fountains, white columns along the walls, and on the ceiling, like a real one, a blue sky with clouds. The store is open from 10 am to 11 pm.

The Tokyo Aquarium and Kasai Rinkar Park are located next to each other. The two centers are located just 10 kilometers from the city of Tokyo (if you take the train you can get there in just 10 minutes) located on the shores of Tokyo Bay (Tokyo Bay). Almost all residents of greater Tokyo love to come here, for example, to have a picnic with close friends or work colleagues. The total area of ​​the park is 40 hectares (hectares). It was in 2001 that the largest Ferris wheel in Japan was erected here in the park, which was named romantically; as in “Diamond and Flowers.” At night, this name comes true, many lamps light up, all of them together do what makes the Ferris wheel look like a shining flower or some kind of pearl. The total diameter of the Ferris wheel is 117 meters (the height is approximately the size of a 40-story building). In addition, in relatively clear, dry weather, you can see Mount Fuji from the top.

Chiba Chiba - in Chiba, you should definitely visit the botanical garden; which is called Flower and Tree Center. This garden is home to about 400 unique species of plants and trees. Which form amazing shapes as they grow.

Makuhari

Makuhari District, located just an hour's drive from central Tokyo, is home to the Makuhari Messe exhibition center, where major international exhibitions are held. Approximately 6 million people visit this place every year. But one of the most visited and popular exhibitions not only in Japan but also in the world is the Tokyo Motor Show.

Story.

The city owes its original name to the fishing village of Edo (Japanese for “entrance to the bay”). In 1457, Ota Dokan, the ruler of the Kanto region, built Edo Castle here. In 1590, Ieyasu Tokugawa, the founder of the powerful shogun dynasty, took possession of it. Although Kyoto remained the capital of the empire, Edo became the seat of the Tokugawa, and in the 18th century. – one of the largest and most populated cities in the world. After the Meiji restoration (“revolution”), Emperor Matsuhito moved his capital here (1868), giving the city its current name - Tokyo - “Eastern Capital”. In the second half of the 19th century. The silk, lacquer, earthenware and enamel industries actively developed here, and from the end of the 19th century. – mechanical engineering and shipbuilding. The Tokyo-Yokohama railway was built in 1872, and the Kobe-Osaka-Tokyo railway was built in 1877. On September 1, 1923, Tokyo experienced a terrible earthquake (7.9 on the Richter scale), which wiped out half the city from the face of the earth. More than 90 thousand people became its victims. A reconstruction plan was soon adopted. The city began to rise from the ruins. But during the Second World War it again suffered catastrophic destruction. In the middle of the 20th century. The country's economy began to rapidly revive (an "economic miracle"), and in 1966 it reached second place (after America's) in the world. In 1964, the city successfully hosted the Summer Olympic Games. The strong influx of labor from rural areas (1970s) created one of the most important preconditions for growth. In the 80s, Tokyo was one of the most dynamically developing cities in the world.

Ancient cities

The word "Tokyo" translated from Japanese means "Eastern Capital". The city bearing this name is the capital of Japan and is an agglomeration located in the Kanto region, in the east of the main Japanese island of Honshu. It consists of 23 districts on the territory of the former independent administrative unit - the city of Tokyo . In 1943, the city of Tokyo was abolished as an administrative unit. Now these districts, together with the cities and municipalities of the western Tama region, as well as the southern islands of Izu and Ogasawara, form Tokyo Prefecture.

As evidenced by archaeological finds, the territory of the city was inhabited back in the Stone Age. It was originally called Edo and was a small fishing port. Around 1457, daimyo (major military feudal lord) Ota Dokan ordered the construction of a city with a fortress wall near this settlement. This city only gained importance in 1590, when it came into the possession of the shogun Tokugawa Ieasu (1543-1616).

In 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu established Edo as the capital of the shogunate, which was the true power in Japan, while the powerless tenno (emperor) still sat in the official capital of Kyoto. During Ieasu's reign, the city of Edo was restored and expanded. The area around it was called Yamanote.

Edo was often hit by devastating earthquakes and large fires. So, around 1657, a major fire claimed the lives of several thousand people and destroyed more than 60% of the then territory of the city. The shogunate used this circumstance to reorganize the structure of the city, which was aimed mainly at preventing fires and strengthening the defensive structures of the fortified city of Edo. At this stage, the systematic transfer of sanctuaries and temples was carried out, as well as the resettlement of townspeople to the newly built outer areas of the city.

The faster growth of Edo was facilitated by Tokugawa Ieyasu's order to his daimyo to build their own residences in the city, in which their families were to be kept practically as hostages (an order from the Sankin Kotai, which obliged the daimyo to periodically come to work at the shogun's residence). At the beginning of the 18th century, many artisans and merchants settled in Edo and were used to supply the needs of the shogun's court.

In 1868, by order of Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito, 1852-1912), the imperial court was moved to Edo, and the city was renamed Tokyo , that is, the “Eastern Capital”, or rather the “Imperial Residence in the East”.

In 1872, a major fire destroyed the districts of Ginza and Marunouchi. The restoration and associated modernization of the city's appearance were carried out according to Western models. The layout was entrusted to an English architect who wanted to create the appearance of a city that would combine different European styles (streets according to Paris, and the design of houses according to the London model). Despite the population's somewhat ambivalent attitude towards the new, Western-style buildings, the then governor of Tokyo Prefecture, Yuri Kimimasa, invited artisans and builders to Tokyo to begin work. In the Ginza district, reconstruction had to begin as quickly as possible, since the railway line between Yokohama and Shimbashi was to be opened there. At the same time, space for new architecture was freed up by moving traditional residential buildings and warehouse buildings to secondary streets.

The most severe natural disasters in the modern history of Tokyo were the Great Kanto Earthquake and the fire that occurred on September 1, 1923, during which the main part of the city was destroyed. The restoration, which was completed in 1930, saw the construction of over 200,000 new buildings, including many in Western style, as well as 7 new reinforced concrete bridges over the Sumida River and several parks.

In 1943, the city of Tokyo was abolished as an administrative unit. During World War II, on November 24, 1944, the United States began bombing Tokyo. On February 25 and March 10, 1945, American bombers carried out heavy bombing attacks on the city. Entire areas of the city with traditional wooden architecture were destroyed and burned, killing over 100 thousand people. The historic imperial palace was also destroyed.

From September 1945 to April 1952, the city was occupied by American troops. Opposite the imperial palace was the headquarters of General Douglas MacArthur, who, as commander-in-chief of the Allied forces, led the occupation authorities. Tokyo then entered a period of rapid recovery and economic growth, which became especially intense after the outbreak of the Korean War.

From October 10 to October 24, 1964, the XVIII Summer Olympic Games were held in Tokyo.

with the recent history of the city of Tokyo : on March 20, 1995, members of the Aum Shinrikyo sect committed a terrorist attack using sarin gas in the Tokyo subway. At the same time, 13 people were killed and over 6,200 people were injured.

According to the list of the most expensive cities to live as of 2009, which was published by the American financial and economic magazine Forbes, Tokyo is the most expensive city in the world.

Other materials on the history of ancient cities

• Nakhon Si Thammarat
• Lampang
• Singapore
• Colombo
• Pattaya

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• Tokyo
• edo
• Japan

Industry.

Until the 1960s, many manufacturing enterprises were concentrated in Tokyo. Currently, most of them are located outside the city limits. Management, trade and distribution, and scientific and information areas play an increasingly important role in the economic life of the city. The head offices of the largest financial and industrial companies (Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumimoto, etc.), other private, semi-state and government groups, major banks (Bank of Japan, Development Bank, Import-Export Bank, Central Bank of Japan, etc.) are located in Tokyo. , as well as representative offices of foreign monopolies. Most of the administrative institutions are located in the Marunouchi, Otemachi, and Nihonbashi areas. Tokyo is one of the most important financial centers in the world. In terms of the volume of financial transactions, the Tokyo Stock Exchange is comparable to the famous stock exchanges of New York and London. Greater Tokyo remains the center of one of the largest industrial urban areas (Keihin), which accounts for 22% of the country's industrial output. A significant part of Japan's mechanical engineering is concentrated here. Mechanical engineering and metalworking specialize in the production of complex and precision machines, instruments, electrical and electronic equipment and apparatus, optical-mechanical products, automobile and aircraft construction, shipbuilding, production of railway equipment and rolling stock, machine tool building, road engineering and other types of mechanical engineering. Metallurgy is developed. The chemical industry is dominated by branches of fine chemical technology: production of medicines, cosmetic products, photochemicals, varnishes and paints, in particular printing ones; oil refining and petrochemistry (chemistry of fiber, plastics, etc.). A diverse food industry (brewing, flour milling, fish canning and many other industries), processing mainly imported raw materials. Numerous branches of light industry (textiles, clothing, leather, ceramics, furniture, jewelry, souvenirs, etc.). Most industrial enterprises are small and medium-sized with up to 300 employees. Industrial enterprises are located mostly along the banks of the river. Arakawa - in the areas of Koto, Johoku, Zenan, Kita, etc. In Tokyo proper, almost no new industrial construction is being carried out, mainly due to high land prices and the high cost of necessary measures to combat environmental pollution.

Metropolitan.

The history of the Tokyo metro begins on December 30, 1927: on this day, a private company, then called Tokyo Chika Tetsudo (Tokyo Underground Railway), opened the first subway line between the capital's Ueno and Asakusa stations with a length of only 2.2 km. Currently, Tokyo has 12 metro lines with a total length of more than 230 km. These branching lines cover the map of the capital in an intricate grid. Each line has its own color. Signs in two languages ​​at the entrance to the station and trains are indicated by the color of their line. The Tokyo subway is built and operated by private companies and city governments; therefore, there are both private and municipal lines; Often, over fairly large segments, the lines run almost parallel to each other. Stations are equipped with many exits (at large stations there may be 15–20) and transitions. The metro is quite tightly integrated into the overall transport network of the capital. Within one station, by moving to another platform, you can transfer to a city train or even a long-distance train.

Holiday calendar - holidays that are always with us.

We are glad to welcome you, dear friends, to the pages of our resource, dedicated to the most significant and exciting events in our multifaceted life, which give it unusualness and paint the gray and everyday annual calendar in bright colors and shades. Surely, you guessed that we will talk about the holidays.

And not only about holidays limited to our domestic socio-cultural community of people, but also about celebrations that are celebrated all over the world. And, in fact, there are a great many of them.

When you go to the “Holidays” , you will be simply amazed at how rich the world calendar is with a wide variety of memorable dates and holidays. With the fall of the Iron Curtain, travel abroad became accessible and commonplace for many of our people. Surely, they will be interested in getting acquainted with a list of all the most popular holidays in the world, collected in one place and conveniently cataloged.

There is hardly a person in the whole wide world who could say that he is absolutely indifferent to any special events and holidays. In everyone’s life, regardless of their belonging to a particular social group, there are days that they especially treasure. They often coincide with holidays officially celebrated in the state. After all, there is no family in our country for which the day of May 9 would not be dear. Especially considering that each of us had a relative who gave his life for the Great Victory.

Or Merry Christmas and New Year? These beloved holidays from childhood are dear to every person until old age. There are also birthdays and name days. Many people equate these concepts, but in fact, these two holidays may not coincide at all according to the calendar. Name days are dedicated to the solemn honoring of your heavenly patron, whose name you bear from birth. And your birthday simply marks the fact of your birth. By the way, in our “Name Meaning” you can easily check what exactly your name means, as well as the main character traits that are inherent in the owners of different names.

Have you ever wondered how exactly and why holidays arose in a person’s life? Probably, not only in order to simply dilute the gray workdays with additional days of rest. There are official weekends for this.

In fact, holidays have a rallying and consolidating function. Family holidays bring together members of the same clan or surname. Religious – members of the same community. Professional – workers in the same labor field.

Well, what holidays are complete without a festive feast? What could be more beautiful when people who care about each other gather in one place around a festive table laden with food and drinks? In this table communication, some kind of spiritual closeness is born between people, which, one might say, has a deep sacred meaning. It is not for nothing that ancient people, especially in the east, were very picky about their neighbors at the festive table. Never in the house of their ill-wisher, even a hidden one, would they take a single crumb of food into their mouths. And it’s not even a matter of fear of being poisoned. It’s just that food contains a piece of the spiritual world of the person who prepared it.

By turning to the category of our website “Cooking” , you can create a holiday menu of a wide format and complexity, suitable for any special event that you are going to celebrate with family and friends. And not only provide them with the opportunity to have a tasty and satisfying meal, but also surprise them with the original design of holiday dishes.

Well, in the “Holiday Kaleidoscope” you will find a whole bunch of informative articles that reveal the secrets and subtleties of holding any festive events, both domestic and foreign.

Therefore, dear friends, without wasting any time, embark on an exciting and adventurous journey through the most famous and popular holidays, which we have specially selected for you.

Scientific institutions.

There are over 50 state, municipal and private universities and colleges in Tokyo, incl. such prestigious ones as the public University of Tokyo (“Tokyo Daigaku”, or “Todai” for short) or the private universities of Waseda and Keio. The Japanese Academy of Sciences, the Japanese Academy of Arts, over 100 research institutes, laboratories and centers at universities, about 40 at ministries and departments, including the National Aerospace Laboratory, the National Cancer Center, and the National Research Center for Disaster Protection are also located here. , research institutes of health care, hygiene, natural resources, population problems, etc. Largest libraries: National Parliamentary Library, university libraries.

Culture.

The city has 400 art galleries, as well as several dozen state, municipal and other museums, among which the most interesting are the Tokyo National Museum, the Edo-Tokyo History Museum, the Okura Shukokan Museum, the Nezu Museum, the National Science Museum, the National Museum of Western Art, and the National Museum of Modern Art. art, Bridgestone Museum, Museum of Folk Crafts, Museum of Calligraphy, Ota Museum with an exhibition of Japanese ukiyo-e prints, Sword Museum, Fuji Museum, Sumida River Museum. Among the small, sometimes unusual museums are the Museum of Glasses, the Museum of Lighters, the Museum of Bags, the Museum of Bicycles, and the Museum of Plumbing. Theatres: National Noh Theatre; National Theatre; New National Theatre; Kabukiza Theater; Engey Hall. Concert halls: “Ueno bunka kaikan”, “Nitigakijo” (for variety performances), “Kokusai gekijo”, “Koseinenkin kaikan”, “Toyoko horu”; the huge hall of the Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK), famous for classical music concerts.

Architecture.

Experienced in the 20th century. gigantic destruction and an “economic miracle” made Tokyo a testing ground for architectural experiments and determined its current futuristic appearance. It is formed by dozens of skyscrapers (administrative buildings and hotels), in the shadows of which there are narrow streets without names and miraculously preserved tiny houses. City blocks are united not by traditional axes, but by cumbersome multi-level overpasses that penetrate Tokyo in all directions. A rare example of an ancient architectural ensemble is the Asakusa quarter with its Sensoji temple complex, the main hall and pagoda of which are only copies of buildings destroyed in 1945 as a result of American bombing. The historical center is the Nihonbashi district, where the imperial palace is located surrounded by a park (built around 1600, rebuilt in the 19th and 20th centuries). In the style of most public buildings of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. imitation of Western models predominates (Akasaka Palace, 1909, architect O. Katayama; Parliament, 1915–1936, architect T. Ohama, etc.); however, since the 1910s, early examples of creative processing of local architectural traditions in the spirit of modern architecture also appeared (post office, 1934, architects T. Yoshida, M. Yamada). Preparations for the 1964 Olympic Games gave a powerful impetus to urban planning work. Modern highways were laid in residential areas, and numerous expressways were built on overpasses. In the 60–70s, new urban centers (Shinjuku, Ikebukuro, Tama) developed rapidly, where intensive high-rise and underground construction was carried out. The implementation of large-scale plans for the reconstruction and development of Tokyo did not change the general chaos of its architectural appearance. Among the notable buildings of the second half of the 20th century. – red 333-meter Tokyo Tower (1958); Metropolitan Festival Hall in Ueno Park (1960–1961, architect K. Maekawa); The Olympic Sports Complex (1963–1964), St. Mary's Cathedral (1964) and, finally, the tallest building in Tokyo - the 354-meter complex of the capital's administration City Hall (1991, architect K. Tange).

TOKYO

TOKYO, the capital of Japan, has independent status. prefectures (Tokyo metropolitan area). Us. 13.5 million people (2015; approx. 10% of the country’s population). Together with the prefectures of Saitama, Chiba, Kanagawa and parts of the prefectures of Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Yamanashi, it forms the world's largest Tokyo Mountains. agglomeration from us. OK. 37.8 million people (2014). Located in the southeast of the island. Honshu, on the Kanto Plain, at the confluence of the Edo, Arakawa, Sumida, and Tama rivers into Tokyo Bay; in the west of T. - south. part of the Japanese Alps (the highest point within T. is Mount Kumotori, 2021 m). The capital district (area 2188 km2) administratively includes 23 districts, region. Tama (in the west of T.), the islands of Izu and Ogasawara (Bonin) in the Pacific Ocean, as well as artificial artificial islands in Tokyo Bay. (the largest is Odaiba). T. - Ch. national transport node. Automobile and railway (138 lines with a total length of 2578 km, including the Yamanote ring) are connected by highways to the largest cities of Japan (including expressways - Fukuoka, Hakodate, etc.). Center. part of T. is surrounded by a ring road; Within the city limits, some roads run above the streets. Major pestilence. port. Ferry service from the island. Shikoku and O. Kyushu. Air transportation services international. Haneda and Narita airports (Chiba Prefecture). Metropolitan (1927).

In the 12th century On the territory of the future city, the small fishing village of Edo (lit. - entrance to the bay) was founded. In 1457, by order of the samurai Ota Dokan, a castle was built on the site of the old fortification, which is considered the date of the founding of the city. In 1590, the castle passed to Tokugawa Ieyasu (see Tokugawa), and after he accepted the title of shogun of Edo, it was turned into the headquarters of the shogunate and chief. political center of the country. The development of Edo was facilitated by the hostage system established by the shogunate, according to which each daimyo was ordered to live in Edo for several months a year, and leave his family in the capital for the period of life in his own. domain. In 1657 and 1772 it was significantly damaged by fires. In 1707 it was covered with ash as a result of the eruption of Mount Fuji. In 1721 the largest city in the world with us. 1.1 million people In 1868, after Meiji, Ishin received the name. T. (“Eastern capital”) and capital status, imp. Mutsuhito moved his residence there. In the 2nd half. 19th century The silk, varnish, earthenware and enamel industries, and mechanical engineering (including shipbuilding) rapidly developed in the city. In 1872, Tunisia was connected by railroad with Yokohama, and in 1877 with Osaka and Kobe. In 1923, as a result of the so-called. The Great Kanto Earthquake and the resulting fire killed approx. 140 thousand inhabitants T. and its surroundings. 10.3.1945 was bombed by the US Air Force, as a result of which b. Part of the city burned down, St. died. 100 thousand people In July 1943, the Tokyo Metropolitan Region was formed. In 1964, the first Shinkansen high-speed train line was opened on the Tokyo-Osaka route. T. is the center of the Tokyo Diocese of Japan. Autonomous Orthodox Church; Ch. temple - the Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ (also known as “Nikolai-do” - “Nicholas’ temple”).

T. was built up concentrically. models with Edo Castle in the center (on the western bank of the Sumida River; 1457; burned down in 1873). The city's intensive growth began after the shogun's headquarters was moved to the castle (1603); it was divided into Yamanote (the western part with the estates of the nobility) and Shitamachi (“the lower city” in the eastern part, where artisans and merchants lived); This division has been partially preserved in modern times. city: extremely dense buildings on the east. and sowing districts, large blocks in the center. The buildings of the Edo period have reached us in fragments due to frequent fires. The oldest surviving buildings are the Sangedatsu Gate (1622) of the Buddhist temple of Jojoji, several. Buddhist temples in the Ueno region [Kannon-do Hall (1631) and the pagoda (1639) of Kaneiji Temple; Asakusa Temple (after 1649)] and the Shinto shrines of Toshogu (1651), Asakusa (1649), Nezu (1706); on the territory of T. prefecture (Hino) - the Buddhist temple of Kongoji (14th–16th centuries).

Tokyo. Panorama of the city. Photo by Edward Blake / flickr.com

During the Meiji era, in the former territory. The Imp complex was built at Edo Castle. palace (since 1888; modern buildings - 1961–68). Includes a system of parks, canals, bridges, pavilions, as well as entrance gates and the remains of Ch. towers of Edo Castle; The park area (approx. 3.4 km2) is surrounded by a wall and a ditch filled with water. In Western Europe forms built state. structures and buildings of large trading corporations in the Marunouchi and Nihonbashi areas (Central branch of the Bank of Japan, 1896; building of the Tokyo Bankers Association; railway station, architect Tatsuno Kingo; both 1914). English people worked in T. arch. J. Conder (Orthodox Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ, 1891 and 1929; houses of Iwasaki, 1896, and Furukawa, 1917; all in line with eclecticism), F. L. Wright (Imperial Hotel, 1923, not preserved; Jiyu school building Gakuen, 1921; collaboration with architect Endo Arata).

Waco Department Store. 1932. Architect Watanabe Jin. Photo by A.V. Guseva

In the 20th century T. was actually rebuilt twice: after the earthquake of 1923 and the bombings of World War II. After 1923 under control. Goto Shimpei developed a plan for the restoration of T. in accordance with the principles of zoning. The metro and railway network made it possible to connect the suburbs and the center of Tajikistan, becoming the basis for suburbanization. When constructing new buildings, the main problem became their seismic resistance. Ch. was built in the style of functionalism. post office (1931, architect Yoshida Tetsuro), in the Art Deco style - department stores "Takashimaya" (1933, architect Takahashi Sadatoro) and "Wako" (1932, architect Watanabe Jin), buildings of the University of Tokyo (1925–40, architect Uchida Yoshikazu), in line with neoclassicism - Mitsui Bank (1929), office building "Meiji Seimei Kan" (1934, architect Okada Shinichiro). National traditions are used in the buildings of the Tsukiji-Honganji Temple (1934, architect Ito Chuta), the Parliament (1936) and the National. museum (1932–38, architect Watanabe; both in the so-called imperial crown style). The international style is represented by the works of both foreigners (the building of the editorial office of “Reader's Digest”, 1951, architect A. Raymond; National Museum of Western Art, 1959, architect Le Corbusier) and Japanese. architects (French-Japanese Institute, 1951–61, architect Sakakura Junzo; “International House of Japan”, 1955, architects Sakakura, Maekawa Kunio, Yoshimura Junzo; Gakushuin University Library, 1964, architect Maekawa ; National Museum of Contemporary Art, 1969, architect Taniguchi Yoshio). The symbol of the new TV became the Tokyo TV. tower (1958, architectural bureau “Nikken Sekkei”, etc.). Since the 1950s a social housing program (danti) is being implemented.

Photo by A.V. Gusevoy Showroom building “M2”. 1991. Architect Kuma Kengo.

The rapid and unregulated growth of the territory of T. led to this. deterioration of environmental and the transport situation in the city, to solve this problem on the eve of the 1964 Olympic Games, a complex system of overpasses and railways was created. lines. A sports arena was built in Yoyogi and Catholic. St. Mary's Cathedral (both 1964), gas building. “Shizuoka” (1967; all by architect Tange Kenzo), capsule house “Nakagin” (1972, architect by Kurokawa Kisho). Adherence to the tradition of the private house has made housing construction in T. a field for architects. experiments since the 1930s: own. house of architect Tsuchiura Kameki (1935); “Sky House” (1958, architect Kikutake Kiyonori); Hillside Terraces (1967–98, architect Maki Fumihiko); “Hamlet” (1988, architect Yamamoto Riken); “Curtain House” (1995, architect Ban Shigeru); “Mini House” (1999, architectural bureau “Bow-Wow”); "Reversible Destiny Lofts" (2005, architects Arakawa Shusaku and M. Ginz); “House-Garden” (2013, architect Nishizawa Ryue), etc. In an economic situation. rise, buildings arose in the spirit of postmodernism, amazing in the variety of solutions: technical. Aoyama College (1990, architect Sei Watanabe Makoto), Asahi Breweries Corporation Hall (1989, architect F. Starck), M2 showroom (1991, architect Kuma Kengo), Nunotani Corporation buildings (1992 , architect P. Eisenman). In the Shibuya and Ginza areas with con. 1990s a style of “super-flat” architecture is emerging, when the architect works only with the facade, and not with the volume of the building (shops designed by the architectural bureaus RIA, SANAA, Herzog and de Meuron, OMA, architects Yoshioka Tokujin, Aoki Jun, Ito Toyo , R. Piano, etc.). To the center. In the Marunouchi area, the Shinsei Bank (1993, Nikken Sekkei architectural bureau) and Marunouchi (2002, Mitsubishi Jisho Sekkei architectural bureau) skyscrapers were erected, as well as the Tokyo International Forum multifunctional building in line with high-tech (1996, architect R. Viñoly), the Tokyo Opera City complex (1997, architect Yanagisawa Takahiko), etc. In the Shinjuku region, the Town Hall (1991, architect Tange), buildings of the NTT corporation (2000), “ Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower" (2008, Tange architectural bureau); in the coastal part - the building of the Dentsu company (2002, architect J. Nouvel). In the Roppongi region at the beginning. 2000s a cultural and office cluster is being created (skyscraper “Roppongi Hills Mori Tower”, 2003, architect bureau KPF; National Art Center, 2000–06, architect Kurokawa; , 2008, architect Ando Tadao). The tallest building in T. is the Tokyo Skytree television tower (2012, Nikken Sekkei architectural bureau; the tallest television tower in the world, height 634 m). In T. 3 national. parka; Nowadays, special attention is paid to the problems of greening the city, creating pedestrian and recreational areas.

Among scientific institutions - Academy of Japan (1879), Scientific. Japan Council (1949); National n.-i. institutes: cultural values ​​(history dates back to 1930; in 2007 united a number of scientific organizations and museums), genetics (1949), pedagogical. research (1949), Japanese literature (1972), progress (1974), etc.; institutes: Middle East (1956), atomic energy (1956), economics. research (1962), etc. Large state. unities: University of Tokyo, Univ. kh-va and technology (1874), Hitotsubashi University (1875; modern name since 1949), Tokyo Technological University. University (1881), Nat. University of Arts (1949, current name since 2008), United Capital University (2005). Among non-states. universities - Keio University (1858), University of Science (1881, the largest research university in Japan), Waseda University (1882), Chuo University (1885, famous for its law school). National archive (1971). Libraries: east. literature (1924), Nat. parliamentary (1948), Center. capital (1973), etc. Museums: national, national. scientific (both 1872), national nature and science (1877; modern name since 2007), modern. lawsuit (1952), zap. art-va (1959), art Suntory (1961), art Yamatane, art Idemitsu (both 1966), east. art (1978), local history "Sitamachi" (1980), Edo-Tokyo (1993), Japanese. ukiyo-e prints (1998), national development of science and innovation “Miraikan” (2001), etc. National. arts center (2007).

New national Theater T. (1997, performances of kabuki, bunraku, etc.). Dramatic theaters: “Bungakuza” (“Literary Theater”, 1937; works in the genre of Shingeki - “new drama”), “Mingei” (“Theater for the Masses”, 1945), “Hayuza” (“Actor’s Theater”, 1948). "Tokyo Ballet" (1964). Intl. film festival (since 1985).

Orchestras: Tokyo Philharmonic. (1911, current name since 1938), Symphonic. NHK orchestra (Japanese radio; 1926, current name since 1956), Japanese. philharmonic (1956), Tokyo Wind “Kosei” (1960), Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony. (1965), “Japanese Bach Collegium” (chamber choir, baroque orchestra and soloists; 1990, in T. and Kobe), “Tokyo Sinfonietta” (1994). State Tokyo (higher) school of music (1887, since 1949 as part of the University of Arts). NHK Electronic Music Studio (1954). Festival of modern times music “Music Today 21” (since 1973, current name after 1992). Intl. competition of young composers named after. Takemitsu Toru (since 1997). The All Japan Brass Band Competition is the world's largest brass band competition. competition based on the number of participants (approx. 800 thousand people).

Large sports center. Venue of the XVIII Olympic Games (1964), XXXII Olympic Games (2020) and many others. other major competitions. Among the sports arenas are the Olympic Stadium (1958, closed in 2014–19 for reconstruction), the multifunctional Ajinomoto Stadium (2001; about 50 thousand seats), the baseball arenas Meiji Jingu Stadium (1926; about 38 thousand. seats) and Tokyo Dome (1985; 55 thousand seats). Traditional sumo tournaments.

Agglomeration of T. - Ch. political, cultural and major economic. the center of Japan (more than 630 thousand companies registered, 2015) with a developed service sector (approx. 70.8% of 8 million employees, 2014) and industry (15.2% of employees). The GRP of Tokyo Prefecture in 2013 was approx. $800 billion (19.4% of Japan's GDP, 1st place among Japanese prefectures, comparable to countries such as Mexico, the Republic of Korea, Turkey).

Adm. are highlighted. services (including corporate governance), financial (concentrated in the Marunouchi, Chiyoda, Chuo, Minato areas) and insurance sectors, R&D. The headquarters and head offices of the largest Japanese countries are located in Tunisia. and foreign companies: Mitsubishi (mechanical engineering), Sumitomo (metallurgy, mechanical engineering), Mitsui (universal trading company), Japan Post Holdings (postal services, banking sector), NTT (telecommunications), Hitachi , Sony, Toshiba (all electronics), JX Holdings (oil refining), SoftBank (mobile communications), Marubeni, Seven & i Holdings (both retail), The Dai -ichi Life Insurance Company (insurance), TEPCO (electric power industry), NHK (Japanese Broadcasting Corporation), etc.; Ch. the country's banks (including the country's central bank - the Bank of Japan, the Development Bank of Japan), the Tokyo Stock Exchange (founded in 1878, 4th in the world in terms of market capitalization in 2015 after New York, NASDAQ and London). Among other sectors, transport and logistics, information and communication and Internet services, software development, wholesale and retail trade (main national center), port services, advertising, and healthcare are developed. There are companies producing animated films (“anime”; about 1/3 of such Japanese companies are in Japan). T. is one of the world's largest international centers. conferences (5th place in terms of their number among cities in the world, 2014).

Haneda Airport is the largest in the country and 4th in the world in terms of passenger turnover (after Atlanta, Beijing, London; 72 million people in 2014); Narita Airport - Ch. international Japan airport (passenger turnover 35.9 million people, 2014; about 30 million people – international flight passengers). Freight turnover at sea T. port 86 million tons (2013; including about 57 million tons - container cargo, 1st place in the country; 25 terminals, including for receiving international cruise ships); 13.1% - export (metalworking equipment, components for cars, various metals, electrical equipment, rubber products, chemicals, etc.), 41.4% - import (electrical equipment, food, clothing, footwear, furniture, various. chemicals, paper, etc.), 42.7% – coastal cargo transportation.

An important component of the mountains. economy - tourism (mainly domestic; T. is visited annually by about 5 million people). Basic types – cultural, educational and entertainment. Among the attractions are the areas of Harajuku and Shibuya (centers of youth fashion and subcultures), Roppongi (bars and clubs aimed at foreigners), Shin-Okubo (Korean shops and restaurants), Tsukiji fish market, etc. holidays (“matsuri”, including admiring sakura “hanami” and autumn leaves “momiji”), etc.

Prom. enterprises (about 34.9 thousand plants and factories are registered in T., 2011) are located in Ch. arr. all in. (along the banks of the Arakawa River) and east. areas of the capital district, as well as in the west (Tama region), where high-tech enterprises are located. T. – Ch. national printing center industry (approx. 11% of the cost of industrial products, 2013; book printing products, bookbinding companies, including Dai Nippon Printing Co., Toppan Printing Co., Ishida Taiseisha, Tokyo Printing Ink Mfg. Co."). Mechanical engineering (including precision engineering - Amano plants in Yokohama and Sagamihara) and metalworking are developed: electronics production (Canon plants in Hiras and Ayasa, Kanagawa Prefecture; Casio - in Saitama Prefecture; Fujifilm "in Odawara, Kanagawa Prefecture), optical. instruments and lenses, transport equipment (automotive industry - Honda plant in Yoriya, Saitama Prefecture, Mitsubishi design studio), shipbuilding, etc. The light industry is focused on satisfying internal needs. demand (textile, clothing, leather and footwear sub-sectors). Production of chemicals (Tokyo Gas Chemicals Co., Junsei Chemical Co., Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., etc.). Food-flavoring industry enterprises process imported raw materials (production of alcoholic beverages - factories for the production of Suntory whiskey in Musashino, Kirin beer in Yokohama, cigarettes, etc.). Making traditions handicrafts (silk fabrics, kimonos, engravings, Buddhist altars, Edo brushes for various purposes, etc.) and jewelry, souvenirs. Production of furniture, paper, building materials. T. serve several. Thermal power plants (as part of TEPCO), including the largest (installed capacity, MW): Futsu (5400, 3rd place in the world in terms of power), Anegasaki (3600), Sodegaura (3600, all in Chiba Prefecture), “Shinagawa” (1500), “Oi” (1050).

Entertainment and shopping complexes.

Tokyo residents' favorite vacation spots are parks and squares, but their area is only about 5 thousand hectares. The most famous are the park in the area of ​​the imperial palace, as well as the Hibiya, Meiji, and Ueno parks. Asakusa Park and its surrounding streets form the largest entertainment district in Tokyo. There are many restaurants, theaters, and souvenir shops here. Ginza is a “showcase” of Tokyo and all of Japan, a traditional shopping and cultural center with many department stores, cafes, restaurants, cinemas and other leisure facilities. Shinjuku is a historical entertainment district. It is currently built up with skyscrapers housing many nightclubs. Two stops from the Main Station is the computer pleasure district - Akihabara; shops selling household electrical appliances and electronics are concentrated here (products come to the shelves directly from factory conveyors, bypassing intermediaries). In 1983, Disneyland opened 10 km from the city center (48 hectares, 7 thematic zones), which is extremely popular.

Climate

A characteristic feature of the local climate is a clear division into two seasons: dry and wet. The first occurs in winter, and the second occupies all other months. Because of this, Tokyo usually experiences only one major snowfall in three months. But at other times of the year, the city is regularly hit by heavy downpours.

Summer in Tokyo begins in May and ends only in November. The hottest month is August with an average temperature of +27.5 degrees Celsius. By the way, despite the abundance of precipitation, summer is very stuffy, which is why almost every room has air conditioners and fans.

Typhoons also reach Tokyo. But the vast majority of them do not pose any threat. The last time a strong typhoon was seen in the city was more than ten years ago - in 2007.

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Tourism.

Tokyo has first-class museums and entertainment complexes, a developed hotel industry, a modern transport system and offers its guests service that meets the highest world standards. However, Tokyo is the most expensive city in the world. This circumstance, as well as the language barrier, remain the main obstacles to the development of mass tourism. Although the number of foreign tourists visiting Tokyo is constantly increasing, its ratio to the number of local residents lags far behind that of the main tourist meccas.

Population.

The population of the Tokyo metropolitan area (Tokyo, Chiba, Funabashi, Kawasaki and Yokohama) reached 33 million people in 2003, incl. Greater Tokyo (metropolitan prefecture) - 12.4 million people (10% of Japan's population), of which the population of Tokyo proper is 8.35 million people. Age structure of the population: 11.9% – children under 14 years of age (inclusive); 70.9% – from 15 to 64 years old; 17.1% are 65 years of age and older. There is a steady trend towards an increase in the proportion of older people. The average population density of Tokyo is 800–1000 people per 1 sq. km. According to this indicator, the Japanese capital is among the five most densely populated cities on the planet. The number of foreigners registered in Tokyo also reached a historical high of 355,000, with the Chinese leading the way, followed by Koreans and Filipinos.

The Russian population of Tokyo is insignificant and does not play a special role in its life.

Sergey Karp

Population of Tokyo

It is quite problematic to say exactly how many people live in the capital of Japan. Firstly, their number is constantly changing (more precisely, increasing). Secondly, a lot depends on the starting point.

For example, about 9 million people live within the old borders (valid before 1943). In the metropolitan area, in turn, there are already 13 million people living, and in the so-called Greater Tokyo, as of 2021, according to Wikipedia, almost 38 million. Tokyo is one of the few Japanese cities whose population continues to grow, despite the country's raging demographic crisis.

As is the case with other metropolitan areas, Tokyo's boundaries are very blurred and continue to expand. This creates a number of problems for local residents. So, many of them have to spend several hours just on the road, to work and back.

Real estate prices are again constantly rising, but even so, there are rapidly not enough apartments for everyone. A private home is truly a luxury. Only very wealthy townspeople or people who inherited the house can afford such a home.