Japanese offer. Basics, according to the use of particles

Now that we are familiar with both existence and verbs, we can use verb clauses to construct more complex sentences. As we already know, a complete sentence must end with either a real verb or a denotation of existence. This sentence can also be used as part of a more complex sentence.

Also remember that the polite form only comes at the end of a complete sentence, and the verb clauses within it must be in the normal form.

Verb clauses as adjectives

A verb clause can be used to describe nouns in exactly the same way as an adjective: by attaching the noun to the end of the sentence. Highlighted areas indicate a clause within a complex sentence.

Example

1. ご飯【ご・はん】 - rice; food
2. 時 【とき】 - when
3. テレビ – television
4. 本【ほん】 - book
5. 読む【よ・む】 (u-verb) - read
6. 頭【あたま】 - head; mind
7. 背【せ】 - height
8. すてき (adj.) - beautiful, attractive
9. 高い【たか・い】 (and adj.) - tall
10. 性格 【せい・かく】 - character
11. 優しい【やさ・しい】 - kind, soft

1. When you eat, don't watch TV.
2. People who don't read books are not smart.
3. 背が高い人は、すてきだね。Tall people are beautiful, right?
4. I don't like people whose character is not soft.

With sentences that end in adjectives, you again need to use 「な」 to attach them to the noun. As for nouns, we do not need to construct a sentence to modify one noun with another, since the particle 「の」 allows us to connect any number of nouns together.

1. 形【かたち】 - form
2. きれい (adj.) - beautiful; clean
3. 果物 【くだ・もの】 - fruit
4. 運【うん】 - good luck

1. The fruit has a very beautiful shape and is delicious.
2. 二年生の日本語の学生は、運がいい。For second-year Japanese students, luck is good.

I'm going alone

1. 今年 【こ・とし】 - this year
2. Spring break
3. 予定 【よ・てい】 - plan(s)
4. 光 【かん・こう】 – tourism
5. メキシコ – Mexico
6. 一人【ひとり】 - one person; by oneself
7. つもり - intention
8. 一緒 【いっ・しょ】 - together
9. 訳【わけ】 - explanation, reason

Yamamoto: Tanaka-san, do (you) have any plans for this spring break?

Tanaka: Yes, (I'm) planning to go to Mexico.

いいですね。私もメキシコに行きたいですね。Yamamoto: That’s great. I also want to go to Mexico.

Tanaka: I'm going to go alone...

Yamamoto: No, that doesn’t mean that I want to go with you!

reference Information

国くに・人ひと・ことば Countries, their inhabitants and languages

Basic knowledge

Next lesson

Verb clauses as nouns

Verb clauses are different from nouns and are very limited because particles cannot be used with them. However, we have just learned that verb clauses can behave like adjectives. To use verb clauses as nouns, you just need to attach the universal noun 「こと」（事） to it.

You can also use 「の」 instead of a noun, the difference is that 「こと」 is a more general expression, while 「の」 depends on the context of the sentence.

Example

1. 事【こと】 - event, circumstance, general happening
2. 料理 【りょう・り】 – cooking
3. お箸【お・はし】 - chopsticks
4. ご飯【ご・はん】 - rice; food
5. 難しい【むずか・しい】 (and adj.) - complex
6. 朝【あさ】 - morning
7. 早い 【はや・い】 - early
8. 起きる【お・きる】 - to happen; wake up
9. 苦手 【にが・て】 (adj.) - bad/weak in

1. 料理をするのが好き。(I) love to cook.
2. Eating rice with chopsticks is difficult.
3. He has trouble getting up early in the morning. (Bad at getting up early in the morning.)

何はなんですか？

Comic 6: 日本語の先生と会話を練習する

1. 日本語【に・ほん・ご】 - Japanese
2. 先生 【せん・せい】 - teacher
3. 会話 【かい・わ】 - conversation
4. 練習 【れん・しゅう】 – practice
5. する (exception) - to do
6. 暇【ひま】 (adj.) - free (not busy)
7. 時 【とき】 - when
8. どんな - which one; what the
9. こと - event, circumstance
10. 好き【す・き】 (adj.) - favorite
11. そう - so, in this way
12. 映画 【えい・が】 - movie
13. 見る【み・る】 - to see; look
14. 明日 【あした】 - tomorrow
15. 何か【なに・か】 - something
16. 予定 【よ・てい】 - plan(s)
17. ある (u-verb) - to exist (inanimate)
18. はい - yes (polite)
19. 僕【ぼく】 - I (polite, masculine)
20. 行く【い・く】 - go
21. 質問【しつ・もん】 - question
22. 分かる【わ・かる】 (u-verb) - understand
23. いいえ - no (polite)
24. 意味 【い・み】 - meaning
25. 何【なに／なん】 - what

Teacher: Smith-san, what (you) like to do in your free time (when you are free)?

Smith: Hmm. (I like watching films).

Teacher: Brown-san, do you have any plans for tomorrow?

Brown: Yes, I want to go to the cinema too.

先生：先生の質問は分かりますか？Teacher: Do you understand my (teacher’s) question?

Brown: No, I don’t understand.

先生：予定の意味が分からないんですか？Teacher: Don’t you understand the meaning of “予定”?

ブラウン：「意味」は何ですか？Brown: What is “meaning”?

Basic structure

The basic structure looks like this:

Subject + Verb + Object

Subject + Predicate + Object

For example, “I love you”, “I eat food”:

Position of question words

If the answer to a question is “yes” or “no,” then there are no question words in the sentence, and interrogative particles such as 吗 ma or 呢 ne are placed at the end of the sentence.

If a question requires a detailed answer, then all that is needed to create an interrogative sentence is to replace the word to which the question refers to a question word.

1) Reduction of sounds [and] and [y]

If the sounds [i] and [u] in Japanese are located between 2 voiceless consonant sounds (for example, [k], [s], [p], [t]), then they are reduced, that is, they are partially not pronounced :

ひと → reads “hto” (and NOT hito!), the sound [and] is partially reduced / translation of the word: “man” した → reads “sta” (and NOT sita!) (the sound “s” should be pronounced closer to “shch” , while the sound itself should be pronounced briefly. In the first lesson, we explained in detail the features of the pronunciation of Hiragana sounds); the sound [and] is partially reduced / translation of the word: “bottom, below” ふとい → read “ftoy” (and NOT futoy!), the sound [u] is partially reduced (drops out) / “thick” あした → read “ashta”, sound [ and] is partially reduced / translation of the word: “tomorrow” ふた → reads “fta”, the sound [u] is partially reduced / translation of the word: “lid” よろしく → reads “eroshchku”, sound [and] is partially reduced / translation: “hello”です → read “des”, the sound [u] at the end is partially reduced / translation: verb link “is, to be”

Negation

Everything is very simple here - at the end of the sentence, instead of でdeすsu, the connective でdeはwaあaりriまmaせseんn is put. Nothing else changes.

で deすsu ⇒ でdeはwaあaりriまmaせseんn

This results in the following diagram:

In colloquial speech, instead of the connective でdeはwaあaりriまmaせseんn, the connective じゃjaあaりriまmaせseんn is often used.

でdeはwaあaりriまmaせseんn ＝ じゃjaあaりriまmaせseんn

We get the diagram:

For example:

- Today is not Friday.

- This is not my bag.

This is not a house. This is an apartment.

あaれre はwa 病byou院in でdeはwaあaりriまmaせseんn。 学gak校kou でdeすsu。– There is no hospital there. There's a school there.

そsoれre はwa コkoー oヒhiーi でdeはwaあaりriまmaせseんn。 ホッhotトto ・ チchョoコkoレreーeトtoでdeすsu 。– This is not coffee. This is hot chocolate.

see also

Duration of action by time

Supplement that answers the question of how long the effect lasts

of the verb is placed after the verb or after its verbal complement if there is this same verbal complement. Therefore, very often the verb is duplicated twice, or the duration of the action stands between the verb and the object.

Verb adverb and expression of the mode of action of the verb

How, in what way the action is performed

discussed in detail in a separate article. And in this article we will look at how a verbal adverb is used to express how the action of a verb is performed. For example, “I dance joyfully”, “I run quickly”. A verbal adverb is created according to the structure of an adjective + 地. - this is a particle that makes an adjective - a verbal adverb with the suffix -o

.
For example, fast -
>
fast
.

Additional phrase expressing a means to an end

Let's add a phrase to the sentence that expresses the means to achieve the goal. We will tell you how the action is achieved

. The structure of this additional phrase is 用 + object. 用 translates to "use". And the object is the means by which the action is achieved. In Russian we will say “I eat food with chopsticks,” and in Chinese logic this phrase will literally be translated as “I use chopsticks and eat food.” Essentially, a sequence of actions is inserted into the base sentence. This phrase is inserted before the main verb.

Phonetics

When reconstructing the phonetics of the Old Japanese language, researchers relied on data from comparative linguistics: analysis of synchronic texts in Middle Chinese, studies of phonetic changes that occurred in Japanese, and comparative analysis of the Ryukyuan languages. Although most Japanese ancient texts were created in the language of the courtiers in Asuka and Nara, in central Japan, the creators of Manyoshu used southern and eastern dialects.

Old Japanese differed significantly from later stages of language development. Analysis of man'yogana and jodai tokushu Kanazukai made it possible to reconstruct phonetics.

Transcriptions of Old Japanese are available in the Kojiki, Nihon Shoki, and Manyoshu. However, if the Kojiki distinguishes between the syllables /mo1/ and /mo2/, then the last two treatises do not. The Kojiki was compiled before the Nihon Shoki and the Manyoshu, so it reflects pronunciation that later became obsolete.

Other differences between Old Japanese and modern Japanese:

Some researchers believe that Old Japanese may be related to some extinct languages ​​from the Korean peninsula, in particular Goguryeo, but the genetic connections of Japanese with any existing languages ​​other than Ryukyuan remain hypothetical. See also Japanese-Ryukyuan languages#Classification.

Syllables

Old Japanese had about 88 syllables.

(Japanese 促音, consonant doubling), shown here with /Q/, and hatsuon

(Japanese 撥音, final syllabic “n”, forming a separate mora) did not exist or were not recorded.
However, in 奈能利曽-奈能僧 (762 AD) the reading was nano2sso2
, 意芝沙加-於佐箇 (720 AD) and
bokun
(傍訓) オムサカ in mid-Heian suggested the reading
o2ssaka
or
o2nsaka
.

Neither Sokuon nor Hatsuon have yet created new pestilence.

Soon after the creation of the Kojiki, the differences between mo1 and mo2 were leveled out, and the number of syllables became 87.

There are several hypotheses to explain the double syllables:

Transcriptions

It should be kept in mind that transcription systems do not reflect all hypotheses about the phonetics of Old Japanese, and also that subscripts can refer to both a vowel and a consonant sound.

There are several transcription systems. One places the diaeresis above the vowel: ï, ë, ö (i2, e2, o2). This system has the following disadvantages:

Another system involves the use of subscripts.

Vowels

Vowel alternation

There was an affix “sacred” (Japanese 斎 ' i- or

Yu-'

). It is assumed to read /*yi/.

Consonants

In Old Japanese, according to reconstructions, the following consonants existed[3]:

Noisy consonants

Voiceless noisy consonants /p, t, s, k/ were correlated with voiced prenasalized sounds. Prenasalization survived into medieval Japanese, and in northern dialects it persists to this day.

Voiceless labial noisy

The sound /h/ of modern Japanese was realized in Old Japanese as

. This conclusion was made by linguists based on the following analysis.

The voiceless pair for the sound /b/ is /p/.

It is believed that between the 9th and 17th centuries the sound was pronounced as [ɸ]. Dialectological evidence suggests that it must have once been realized as

Voiceless coronal noisy

Approximant and single-stress consonants

Phonetic resolutions

In 1934, Hideyo Arisaka (Japanese: 有坂秀世Arisaka Hideyo

Adding other parts of speech (details) to the base sentence

Time in Chinese sentence

Circumstance of time ( when does the action take place?

) is placed either at the beginning of the sentence or immediately after the subject (subject). The circumstance of time answers the question when

the action takes place,
at what time
, in what year, in what season, on what day, and so on.

Complement of place (object). 在 as an auxiliary verb

We express the place of action of the verb, where the action takes place

. At this point we will learn to express an action that occurs in some place

.
For example, “I live in Russia
,” “I study
in China,
” and so on. This topic will feature the verb 在 zài, which is translated as: to be in, in. Let us pay special attention to the position of this verb.

在 can be an auxiliary verb (according to another classification, the preposition “in”), and can stand together with a place complement before the main verb. As a rule, the main verb is disyllabic and consists of two hieroglyphs. The verb connective rule works here.

Structure

在 + Place + Two-syllable verb (+ Object)

In modern spoken Chinese, irregularities occur, and 在 is increasingly being placed after disyllabic verbs. But for 80% of the Chinese surveyed, putting 在 after such a verb is considered an error.

When the object of place (object) is placed after the verb. 在 as a verb object

If the verb is monosyllabic (consists of one hieroglyph), then most often 在 is placed after the verb. Such monosyllabic verbs could be 走 zǒu to walk, 停 tíng to stop, 住 zhù to live, 坐 zuò to sit down, and 站 zhàn to get up. In this case, 在 is not considered a preposition, but rather the direction of action of the verb; According to Chinese logic, it shows where the action is taking place. 在 will be a verb complement, and serves as an indicator of the direction of action of this very monosyllabic verb.

Structure

Monosyllabic verb + 在 + Place

Writing

Japanese words were first written using Chinese characters as early as the second half of the fifth century AD (Inariyama Kofun, part of the Kofun period). However, the earliest Japanese texts are written in wenyang, although they can be read in Japanese using kambun. Some of these Chinese-language texts show influence from Japanese grammar, for example, sometimes the predicate is placed after the direct object, as in Japanese, rather than before it (as in Wenyang). In such texts, Japanese particles can be written phonetically in Chinese characters.

Over time, the phonetic use of kanji gained increasing popularity, eventually giving rise to man'yōgana. In the Kojiki, man'yōgana was already used to record personal names and place names, and in the Man'yōshū text it occupies a significant place.

On the other hand, Chinese characters are beginning to be used semantically, to denote Japanese words related to Chinese in meaning, and not in sound. For example, a whale is familiar. 谷, pinyin gǔ

, pal. gu

, literally: "valley" began to spell the Japanese word
tani
(Japanese: たに, "valley").
Later, both words with approximately similar sounds and words with similar meanings began to be written using Chinese characters. tribute
was written using 谷(Japanese だに, “at least”, “in any case”).

夢尓谷不見在之物乎 yume ni dani/ mizu arishi mono about “That which cannot be seen even in a dream.”

The verb "to be" in Japanese is です

For many people, the Japanese language seems extremely complex and almost an alien language. Yes, it is different from most languages ​​of the world, and this is its originality and thus it arouses interest among the public (at least for me for sure :)). But the devil is not as scary as he is painted. Today I will show you how to build simple sentences in Japanese. This language is characterized by SOV (Subject-Object-Action) word order in sentences. This means that the verb is placed at the end of the sentence (almost always). This verb is necessary in sentences like This is a book, The flower is beautiful or I am a student, i.e. where the predicate is a noun, adjective, numeral or pronoun. Already similar to European languages, right? You will learn below how to construct similar sentences and how to introduce yourself in Japanese.

Instead of introducing

Reading Notes. Here and below, the reading written in Hiragana alphabet broken down into words (if the text contains hieroglyphs) is indicated in square brackets. If you hover your mouse over the Latin reading, the Cyrillic reading will appear (closer to the pronunciation). Vowels with a colon such as a:, i:, u:, e:, o: are long, pronounced longer than their short equivalents without a colon. In Latin they are written aa, ii, uu, ei (or ee), ou (or oo), respectively. The "。" at the end of a sentence is just the Japanese version of a period, and the "、" is a comma. The Hiragana sign は is read as HA, but as a case indicator, for example in sentences like AはBです(A wa B desu), etc. it is read as BA, or rather UA (as in English W, the average between Russian B and U ). The U sound at the end of words is usually not pronounced at all.

Statement

To say that someone is someone or something, the linking verbです(desu) is used, which means to be or appear. This verb has this form in neutral-polite speech. There is also a colloquial version -だ(da), i.e. less polite, for example, when talking to friends. It is built according to the scheme A は B です/だ。 (A wa B desu/da) A is B. This is also the easiest way to introduce yourself by saying your first and/or last name and adding this linking verb (see example ;)). It is also worth noting that the colloquial linking verb だ is not placed after predicative adjectives. These are adjectives of Japanese origin and usually end in -い (-i). Whereas semi-predicative adjectives (of Chinese origin) require this verb after themselves. I will write a separate post about Japanese adjectives and how to distinguish them from each other.

(kore wa watashi no kaban desu) = This is my bag. この花は綺麗だ。[このはなはきれいだ] (kono hana wa kirei da) = This flower is beautiful. (watashitachi wa gakusei desu) = We are students. (私は)ミハイルです。[(わたしは)ミハイルです] ((watashi wa) Mihairu desu) = (I am) Mikhail / (My name is) Mikhail. この 映画 は とても 面白い。。 この えい が は とても おもしろい です です です です です] (kono eiga wa totemo omoshiri desu) = This film is very interesting. (polite option) この映画はとても面白い。[このえいがはとてもおもしろい] (kono eiga wa totemo omoshiroi) = This movie is very interesting. (colloquial version)

Negation

Negative sentences like “He is not a student”, “This is not a table” are constructed according to the scheme A は B では ありません/ない。 (A wa B dewa arimasen/nai) A is not B. Just as in the case of です and だ, here too there are differences in politeness. ではありません (dewa arimasen) is a polite version of ではない (dewa nai). In colloquial speech, Japanese often shorten the particle では to じゃ (ja), i.e. it turns out じゃありません (ja arimasen) and じゃない (ja nai) respectively.

(kore wa hon dewa nai) = This is not a book. (kore wa hon ja nai) = This is not a book. (colloquial version)せん。あのひと は せんせい です] (anohito wa gakusei dewa arimasen. anohito wa sensei desu) = He is not a student. He is a teacher. (kore wa watashi no neko ja arimasen) = This is not my cat. (colloquial version)

Question

To construct an interrogative sentence, it is enough to add the interrogative particleか(ka) to the end of the affirmative sentence. It is built according to the scheme A は B です/だ か。 (A wa B desu/da ka) A is B?. Please note that after the particleかa question mark is usually not placed; a dot is written instead. Because the particle itself is an indicator of the question.

あの人はだれだか。[あのひとはだれだか] (anohito wa dare da ka) = Who is he? (Tanaka-san wa isha desu ka) = Is Mr. Tanaka a doctor? すみません、トイレはどこですか。(sumimasen, toire wa doko desu ka) = Excuse me, where is the toilet? (Yamada-sensei wa doko desu ka) = Where is Teacher Yamada? (kono eiga wa omoshiroi desu ka) = Is this movie interesting?

It is also not difficult to answer such a question. A full affirmative answer usually consists of the word はい (hai) and a repetition of the question text without the interrogative particle か. A negative answer is built on the same principle, the word いいえ (iie) is no and the text of the question is without か, but in negation. For example:

— これは本ですか。[これはほんですか] (kore wa hon desu ka) = Is this a book? — はい、(これは)本です。[はい、(これ は) ほん です] (hai, (kore wa) hon desu) = Yes, (this is) a book. or - いいえ、これは本ではありません。[いいえ、これはほんではありません] (iie, kore wa hon dewa arimasen) = No , this is not a book. — いいえ、(これは)マガジンです。 (iie, (kore wa) magajin desu) = No, (this is) a magazine.

You can also answer briefly. For example: - はい、そうです。(hai, sou desu) = Yes, that's true. or - いいえ、ちがいます。(iie, chigaimasu) = No, that's not true.

Well, how? Not difficult at all, right? Try to guess what is written in the picture at the very top of this post. I think you definitely know the answer! I suggest you practice making sentences in the comments.

Dictionary

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