The first question for people unfamiliar with Japanese culture is: manga - what is it? The second question is why there is the term Japanese manga? First things first. Manga are black and white comics in which the text is read from right to left (the reason is a feature of Japanese writing). Japanese manga are classic Japanese comics, where the text is written in the form of hieroglyphs, and the style of the characters is typically anime.
Place of birth: Japan
The word "manga" in Japanese means "funny pictures": it consists of two kanji (kanji): man (whimsical or improvised, cheerful) and ga (pictures) 漫画. This term is also interpreted as “novels in pictures.” The easiest and most superficial definition: manga is Japanese comics.
The Japanese are proud that one of the most amazing phenomena in modern art and literature has its roots in their country. Back in the XII – XIII centuries. In Japan, a series of drawings appeared depicting frogs and rabbits with an unusual technique of drawing legs that imitate movements. In the XVIII-XIX centuries. books with funny pictures were prepared by famous Japanese artists Santo Kyoden and Hokusai Katsushika. Hokusai Katsushika is considered the originator of the term "manga".
The ancient image technology was used by modern mangaka - manga authors who invented their own style. Among the most successful manga artists were Osamu Tezuka, considered the founding father of modern mass-produced manga art, creator of the famous Astro Boy (Ambassador Atom), and Machiko Hasegawa, author of Sazae-san (Lady Sazae). Their painting technique included depicting beautiful characters with large eyes; they used close-ups and conveyed movements and emotions in the drawing.
Portrayal of emotions in manga (recommended by Tezuka)
A Brief Excursion into the Origins of Picture Stories
The manga previously bore the modest and understandable title “Stories in Pictures.” Archaeologists found the first mention of drawn stories in the first centuries of Japan. Researchers have discovered drawings that are structurally reminiscent of modern comic books in the tombs of ancient rulers, also called kofun mounds.
The spread of comics was hampered by the ambiguity and complexity of Japanese writing. Therefore, manga in Japanese is read from right to left, and not from left to right, illustrated with many black and white drawings, graphic special effects and a minimum of text.
The first Japanese comic book is considered to be Choujuugiga (“Funny Pictures from the Life of Animals”). They date back to the 12th century and were written by the Buddhist priest and artist Toba (another name for Kakuyu). Choujuugiga is made in the form of 4 paper scrolls. However, during Kakuya’s time, the work he created did not have a modern name.
Hokusai Katsushika gave strange and funny pictures, characterized by grotesque images, a single name - manga.
Manga as fine art
Manga as an art of drawing is on a par with the symbolism of Japanese poetry, when an object is only hinted at without naming it. For example, a mood or emotion is conveyed by a raised eyebrow or a drawing of a leaf falling from a tree; time - by the rising or setting sun or moon depicted in the background. The ease of perception of drawing by the Japanese was influenced by the specificity of hieroglyphic writing, when the text is not so important as the drawing.
A special feature of the image in manga is the black and white color, since the emphasis is not on color, but on action and plot. Colors are allowed on the cover or when highlighting the importance of any point. The drawings are viewed “in Japanese”: from right to left and “back to front”. In Russia, manga can also be published in the European manner - from left to right.
Special comics for adults
The adult population of Japan is becoming a separate target audience for comic book creators. These works contain all the revelations of modern life - not only romance, but also cruelty and violence.
Also, manga for adults is distinguished by its content, which contains scenes not only of an erotic, but also of a more explicit nature. There are also specific genres such as yuri, shonen-ai and yaoi, which tell about same-sex relationships.
But there is also a separate style for a female audience - josei. It is characterized by the development of the plot from school to old age. That is, the entire life of an individual is collected in manga. Stories created for middle-aged women are very realistic and ordinary, and therefore they are in good demand.
Manga as literature
In the 1950s and 60s, manga became an independent type of literature, dividing into many genres. Experts say there are about thirty of them. Among them, two main genres stood out: for boys (shounen manga) and for girls (shojo manga). In books for boys, the pictures are full of action, adventure, and struggle of all kinds; their themes include sports, technology, romantic stories with their own concept of heroes. Comics for girls mainly focus on romance and the adventures of superheroines; Themes also include dramas on historical themes.
Manga for adult men always contains action, often depicted humorously; For women, problems of relationships between men and women are more often described. There is a separate genre for young children; there is Seinen manga, which contains scenes of violence, and the Shunga genre of erotica.
Manga characters are most often ordinary people who find themselves in situations typical of an ordinary person. Comic book characters overcoming difficulties inspires optimism and gives hope to the average Japanese person.
Under the influence of Western culture, the heroes of Japanese comics began to be depicted in a certain style: big-eyed, with graceful small mouths, long hair, and rich facial expressions. Emotions are pointedly exaggerated: if a character cries, tears flow in a stream; if he laughs, his mouth takes up almost the entire face, and his eyes turn into slits.
Image nuances
If you look closely at the drawings of the characters, it is easy to notice the simplicity of the drawing. The reason is that the author is forced to work quickly, and therefore “dexterity of hands, agility of the brush” is needed here. According to the mangaka, by blood type you can find out what a person’s weaknesses, strengths, and character are. It is believed that brave heroes and cowardly fools have different blood types (the theory is very interesting).
A possible question is: what is the difference between a hero and a villain if they theoretically have the same blood type? It turns out that in addition to their blood type, the characters differ in their eyes (and this theory is logical - the eyes give away a cowardly person or a scoundrel).
If the eyes are large and shaped like saucers, this speaks of the youth of the hero or heroine, kindness and innocence. We can say that such eyes are typical of beautiful-minded idealists or idealists.
If the iris of the eyes is small and the eyes themselves are narrow, this is a distinctive feature of a villain or villainess.
Another nuance: when the hero or heroine is worried or scared, beads of sweat appear on the back of the head. If a character's nose begins to bleed, this indicates great embarrassment.
How to explain the phenomenon of manga popularity in Japan
Easy to read, accessible and convenient in format, manga has become a favorite form of reading for Japanese of all ages. Published in series, manga makes one look for a continuation; new items are discussed in any society. Manga are one-time books, which is why they can be found in a cafe where a previous visitor left them; There are also shops that sell used books or comic magazines. Now this is not only literature for reading, these are school textbooks, which provide a visual picture that is understandable to students of any level of performance. A series of textbooks on economics, technical instructions, and catalogs have been published. Japanese psychologists claim that with the help of comics, the essence of the problem is quickly grasped.
Over a period of more than 60 years, manga have become an important part of Japanese culture, depicted in books, television shows, anime and video games. For quite a long time, manga contributed a significant part to the formation of the Japanese economy, becoming one of the most widespread types of exported cultural products in the world.
Experts explain the success of Japanese schoolchildren and students at international competitions in computer science and programming by the characteristics of the brain, which is accustomed to a holistic perception of an action or phenomenon. They believe that this happened thanks to learning based on drawn pictures - manga.
But the majority of young manga authors admit that their goal is not to create a work of art or a teaching aid, but to entertain the reader.
Manga~ [漫画]
Manga (Japanese: 漫画, マンガ, [mã̠ŋɡa̠]) female, coll. are Japanese comic books, sometimes called komikku (コミック). Manga, in the form in which it currently exists, began to develop after the end of World War II, being heavily influenced by the Western tradition, but has deep roots in earlier Japanese art.
In Japan, manga is read by people of all ages, it is respected both as a form of fine art and as a literary phenomenon, so there are many works of a wide variety of genres and on a wide variety of topics: adventure, romance, sports, history, humor, science fiction, horror, erotica , business and others. Since the 1950s, manga has become a major industry in Japanese book publishing, with a turnover of 481
billion yen in 2006, and in 2009 - 420 billion. It became popular in the rest of the world, especially in the USA, where sales as of 2006 were in the region of 175-200 million dollars. Almost all manga is drawn and published in black and white, although there is also color, for example, Colorful, the name of which is translated from English as “colorful”. Based on popular manga, most often long manga series (sometimes unfinished),
anime is produced, and light novels, video games, and other derivative works may also be created. Creating an anime based on an existing manga makes sense from a commercial point of view - drawing manga is usually less expensive, and animation studios have the opportunity to determine whether a particular manga has proven popular so that it can be
film
The script for film adaptations may undergo some changes: scenes of fights and fights, if any, are softened, and overly explicit scenes are removed. The artist who draws manga is called a mangaka, and is often also the author of the script. If the writing of the script is undertaken by an individual, then such a scriptwriter is called gensakusha (or, more precisely, manga-gensakusha). It happens that a manga is created based on an already existing anime or film, for example, based on Star Wars. However, anime and "otaku" culture would not have arisen without manga, because few producers are willing to invest time and money into a project that has not proven its popularity by paying off in comic form.
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HISTORY ⛬
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The first mention of the creation of stories in pictures in Japan dates back to the 12th century, when the Buddhist monk Toba (another name is Kakuyu) drew four humorous stories telling about animals depicting people, and about Buddhist monks who violated the rule. These stories - "Chojugiga" - were four paper scrolls with ink drawings and captions. Nowadays they are kept in the monastery where Toba lived. The techniques he used in his works laid the foundations of modern manga, such as the depiction of human legs in a state of running.
As manga developed, it absorbed the traditions of ukiyo-e and Western techniques. After the Meiji Restoration, when the Japanese Iron Curtain fell and the modernization of Japan began, Western comics began to be imported into the country, and artists began to learn from their foreign colleagues the features of composition, proportions, color - things that were not given attention in ukiyo-e, since the meaning and the idea of drawing were considered more important than form. In 1902, a humorous comic strip called Tagosaki to Makube no Toukyou kenbutsu by Rakuten Kitazawa began publishing. This work, created in the likeness of American comic books, became the first “serial” comic book in Japan. In the period 1900–1940, manga did not play the role of a significant social phenomenon; it was rather one of the fashionable hobbies of young people. After Emperor Taisho came to power, manga artists began to experiment with foreign graphic styles, and also began to exchange experiences with foreign artists. For example, in the 1920s, a group of Japanese artists visited the United States, where the comics industry was booming at that time. Manga in its modern form began to emerge during and especially after the Second World War. The development of manga was greatly influenced by European caricature and American comics, which became famous in Japan in the second half of the 19th century.
During the times of Japanese militarism, manga served propaganda purposes and was printed on good paper and in color. Its publication was funded by the state (unofficially it is called “Tokyo manga”). After the end of the war, when the country lay in ruins, it was replaced by the so-called. “Osaka” manga, published on the cheapest paper and sold for next to nothing. It was at this time, in 1947, that Osamu Tezuka released his manga Shin Takarajima (新宝島, “New Treasure Island”), which sold a fantastic 400,000 copies for a completely devastated country. With this work, Tezuka defined many of the stylistic components of manga in its modern form. It was the first to use sound effects, close-ups, graphic emphasizing movement in the frame - in a word, all those graphic techniques without which modern manga is unthinkable. New Treasure Island and the later Astro Boy became incredibly popular. During his life, Tezuka created many more works, acquired students and followers who developed his ideas, and made manga a full-fledged (if not the main) direction of mass culture. Manga actively entered the world market in the early and mid-1990s. It was associated with the economic crisis, due to which Japan was looking for access to foreign markets.
Currently, almost the entire population of Japan is drawn into the world of manga. It exists as part of the press. The circulation of popular works - One Piece and Naruto - is comparable to the circulation of the Harry Potter books, but they are still declining. Among the reasons why the Japanese began to read less manga are an aging society and a falling birth rate in Japan, as well as publishers who, in the 1980s and 1990s, trying to maintain the same audience and focusing on adult readers, were not interested in attracting young people. Nowadays, children spend more time playing computer games than reading. In this regard, publishers are beginning to focus on exports to the USA and Europe. Former Prime Minister Taro Aso, a fan of manga and anime, believes that manga is one of the ways to lead the country out of the economic crisis and improve its image on the world stage. “By turning the popularity of Japanese soft power into a business, we can create a colossal industry worth 20-30 trillion yen by 2021 and employ about 500 thousand more people,” Taro Aso said in April 2009.
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MANGA IN OTHER COUNTRIES
The influence of manga on the international market has increased significantly over the past few decades. Manga is most widely represented outside of Japan in the USA and Canada, Germany, Italy, France, Spain, and Poland, where there are several publishing houses dealing with manga and a fairly large reader base has been formed. Very often, manga is edited before being published in other countries in order to adapt to the tastes of the local readership. In this case, there may be situations where the edited manga has significant differences from the Japanese original.
USA
America was one of the first countries where translated manga began to appear. In the 1970s and 1980s, it was practically inaccessible to the average reader, unlike anime. However, today quite large publishers publish manga in English: Tokyopop, Viz Media, Del Rey, Dark Horse Comics. One of the first works translated into English was Barefoot Gen, which tells the story of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. The late 1980s saw the releases of Golgo 13 (1986), Lone Wolf and Cub from First Comics (1987), Area 88 and Mai the Psychic Girl (1987) from Viz Media and Eclipse Comics.
A boy in an American store reads Black Cat
One of the first fans of manga in the United States was artist and comic book author Frank Miller. In 1986, entrepreneur and translator Toren Smith founded the publishing house Studio Proteus, working in collaboration with Viz, Innovation Publishing, Eclipse Comics and Dark Horse Comics. A large number of manga have been translated into Studio Proteus, including Appleseed and My Goddess! Successful manga series were mostly associated with series of the same name, for example, the famous “Ghost in the Shell”, “Sailor Moon”, which by 1995-1998. was published in more than twenty-three countries, including China, Brazil, Australia, the USA and most European countries. In 1996, Tokyopop, the largest publisher of American manga today, was founded.
Japanese manga accounts for about 2/3 of the graphic works market in the United States. In 2006, the profit from its sales amounted to $200 million, and in 2007 - 210 million. The market structure and public preferences in the United States are quite reminiscent of Japanese ones, although the volumes, of course, are still not comparable. Their own manga magazines appeared: Shojo Beat with a circulation of 38 thousand copies, Shonen Jump USA. Articles dedicated to this industry appear in major print publications: New York Times, Time, The Wall Street Journal, Wired.
American manga publishers are known for their puritanism: published works are regularly censored.
Europe and Asia
Manga came to Europe through France and Italy, where anime began showing in the 1970s.
In France, the manga market is very developed and known for its versatility. Popular in this country include works in genres that have not resonated with readers in other countries outside Japan, such as adult drama, experimental and avant-garde works. Authors who are not particularly well-known in the West, such as Jiro Taniguchi, have gained great weight in France. This is partly because France has a strong comic book culture.
In Germany in 2001, for the first time outside Japan, manga began to be published in the “phone book” format in the Japanese style. Before this, in the West, manga was published in the format of Western comics - in monthly issues of one chapter, then republished in the form of separate volumes. The first such magazine was Banzai, designed for a youth audience and existed until 2006. At the beginning of 2003, the shojo magazine Daisuki began publishing. The periodical format, new to Western readers, has become successful, and now almost all foreign manga publishers are abandoning individual issues, switching to “phone books.”
Manga has also become widespread in Asian countries - Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia. Manga for children enjoyed particular success here, while manga intended for an adult audience was subject to various censorship restrictions. Illegal distribution of manga is especially common in Taiwan. This is due to lax copyright laws and widespread consumer demand for manga. Piracy in this area is also common in South Korea and Hong Kong.
Russia
Of all the developed European countries, manga is represented worst of all in Russia. Presumably, this is due to the low popularity of comics in Russia: they are generally considered children's literature, while manga is intended for an older audience. According to director Lev Yelin, in Japan they love comics with sex and violence, but “in Russia, hardly anyone will take on this niche.” As a reviewer for Money magazine believes, the prospects are “simply brilliant,” “especially since Japanese licenses are even cheaper than American ones - $10-20 per page.” Sergei Kharlamov from the Sakura-Press publishing house considers this niche to be promising, but difficult to market, since “in Russia, comics are considered children’s literature.”
As for translation licenses, the initiative usually comes from Russian publishers. At the moment, there are several legal publishers: Sakura Press (which published Ranma ½), Comic Factory, Palma Press and others. Currently, the licenses for the most commercially successful manga series are owned by Comix-ART, created in 2008. That same year, Comix-ART, a partner of the Eksmo publishing house, acquired the rights to Death Note, Naruto and Bleach, as well as several other works, including Gravitation and Princess Ai.
Russian publishers, as a rule, publish not only manga, but also manhwa, and do not make a distinction between them, calling both manga. In particular, Comix-ART, for commercial reasons, calls the American manga "Bizenghast" and "Van-Von Hunter" manga, and on the official website of the publishing house "Istari Comics" in the "Manga" section there is, for example, the manhua "KET" (English Confidential Assassination Troop by Taiwanese author Fung Yinpang.
Projects similar to manga magazines in Japan have appeared - the anthology of Russian manga MNG from the Comics Factory publishing house, which is going to print manga drawn in Russia. In July 2008, the first major collection of amateur Russian manga, Manga Cafe, was released.
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PRIZES AND MUSEUMS
There are a large number of awards in the Japanese manga industry, sponsored by major publishers. As an example, the following can be cited: Dengeki Comic Grand Prix (short manga, “singles”), Kodansha Manga Award (several genres), Seiun Award, Shogakukan Manga Award, Tezuka Award awarded to emerging manga artists, Osamu Tezuka Cultural Award and others. Museums dedicated to manga were also organized: the Osamu Tezuka Manga Museum, the Ghibli Museum, and the Kyoto International Manga Museum. In Russia, manga is presented at the annual Moscow festival of hand-drawn stories “KomMissia”, where both professionals and amateur artists from Russia and other countries participate.
In 2007, the International Manga Award arose, for which artists from China, Germany, France, Malaysia, Taiwan, Russia, Great Britain, and Spain competed. According to Prime Minister Taro Aso, the establishment of this prize will allow foreign authors to deepen their understanding of Japanese culture. In 2008, Russian mangaka Svetlana Chezhina took second place at the International Manga Award with the English version of her work “Portrait/ShoZo”, published in Russia by Maglatronics publishing house. Previously, among international competitions, the annual international festival de la Bande Dessinee in France was considered the most honorable (only manga translated into French participates).
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INFLUENCE AND CRITICISM
Manga constitutes one of the main segments of Japanese popular culture and is the basis of many visual arts. The popularity of manga both in Japan and in other countries is described by some experts as phenomenal. In Japan, manga is the subject of frequent controversy and has both supporters and opponents. One of the main reasons for the widespread popularity of manga in Japan is the Japanese people's tendency to perceive information in the form of images. Many experts and artists consider manga to be a unique part of Japanese culture and advocate its preservation as such. Among opponents, opinions are expressed that manga is a stultifying form of art, promotes cruelty and anti-humanism, is associated in people only with violence and eroticism, and forms “flat thinking” in young people when the artistic image is replaced by a stereotypical designation. In Japan, the first social movements against manga formed back in the 1950s, with parents, teachers and government officials expressing concern about the possible negative consequences of excessive interest in comics.
Frederik Schodt, in his book Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga, called manga "a fully formed artistic medium on a par with novels and films." American philosopher Noel Carroll classified manga (as well as anime) into the category of mass art.
Manga examples
Astro Boy (Ambassador Atom, Mighty Atom)
The famous manga series, written and illustrated by Osamu Tezuka, is comic fiction depicting a futuristic planet where Robots live alongside humans. The circulation of this series is approximately 100 million copies; manga is still popular today.
Interestingly, in the 1960s, parents opposed the publication of this manga for its depiction of violence; now this work is valued for its humanistic ideals. Perhaps the attitude towards robots, which have become part of the life of the Japanese, has changed.
Mrs. Sazae
Published in 1947, this manga, which tells with humor and optimism about the girl Sazae and her family, who had to survive the difficult times of the occupation and who found their place in life in the post-war period, is still one of the most sold.
Naruto
This is the story of the ninja Naruto, who is trying to achieve fame and be like his ideal - the most powerful ninja in their village. An anime and video games have been created based on the manga, which was published in 1997.
Slam Dunk
The sports-themed manga, which sold 120 million copies in 2012, is about a basketball team and its leader.
Case is closed
The manga periodical under this title is about a detective who helps the police investigate various cases.
First appearance
Who came up with these illustrated stories? The question is not easy, and to answer it, we need to delve into the past. The history of this creativity goes back to the Middle Ages. A 12th-century Buddhist monk named Toba created illustrated stories about animal people and disobedient Buddhists. These stories are written on paper scrolls, with drawings and captions made in ink. Interesting: already in these stories images of rapidly moving human legs appeared. These works can be considered the first manga.
Manga is conquering the world
People who are passionate about manga are called "otaku". There are otaku communities in almost all countries of the world, and they also exist in Russia. Fans of manga and anime promote this type of art, hold their own festivals, and publish their own magazines. Young people appreciate manga for providing an opportunity for self-expression through fine art.
One can express the hope that the world of manga will not overshadow the world of the traditional book, where descriptions of colorful pictures of nature, images of heroes with their actions, feelings and emotions are created in words, which develops imagination and speech.
The study of manga and its impact on the world is just beginning. If you want to make your contribution to science or journalism, take up this topic.
Especially for translation agency SVAN
Why do people of different ages read manga? Why is she popular?
The answer to this question is that manga is not limited to any one genre that may only be of interest to a limited group of people. Manga can be adventure, fantasy, detective, thriller, horror or even erotica or porn (hentai). From this we can conclude that each person can find exactly what he likes among the manga genres.
It is worth noting that although at first glance it may seem that manga is just entertaining reading with pictures, in fact this is not the case. Many representatives of this genre have a very deep meaning, confronting their readers with deep philosophical questions and problems of modern society.
Storyboard. What to look for?
Storyboarding is the most important stage in creating a manga. Here you arrange dialogues, balloons, think through the composition of shots, plans and angles of the characters. The drawing is not at all important; it is better to depict simple dolls to make it easier to change the composition.
Storyboard example
In Japan, editors often ask manga artists to send not a synopsis or written dialogue, but a storyboard. It shows the backbone of the story, and the manga is considered half-ready. What do they especially pay attention to? They will definitely look at the dialogues and the location of the cylinders.
Often, at this stage, many people think only about the drawing, and do not insert the text. But this completely defeats the purpose of the storyboard. Be sure to mark the location of the cylinders and characters and write all the dialogues into the storyboard. And re-read it many, many times. Check that the narrative is clear, that the dialogue choices, camera angles and layout work, and that you haven't made any mistakes with the placement of frames and balloons. By working this way, you can look at history holistically.
Tip #1: It’s better to draw not on separate pages, but immediately on the spread - this way it’s easier to understand which frames are best to focus on and avoid a symmetrical layout on adjacent pages.
Tip #2: Text and important visual information should not be located on the periphery of the page. Therefore, step back a couple of centimeters from the edges, and do not put dialogue or important visual objects there. Firstly, if you decide to print your manga, then the entire periphery may be covered by the reader's fingers, or disappear into a poorly visible fold between adjacent pages. Secondly, information is better read and easier to perceive if it is located closer to the center of the page.
Here is a bad example of the arrangement of the drawing and text - you can hardly see either the hero’s phrase or his reaction to... whatever it was.
Drawing. What to use to draw faster?
Example of a rough drawing
For people who love and know how to draw, this stage is probably the most enjoyable - sit and draw. But many people experience a lot of problems with this, since in manga they often have to draw something that they have never drawn before, or something that is difficult for them. You have to get out and resort to various tricks. I want to say that there is nothing criminal in this; many professional manga artists do this. With the development of web manga, authors have learned to do without assistants using various programs and techniques. This saves time and allows you to create the desired visual with little effort. So if you are having difficulty drawing, you may find this helpful:
1. SketchUp. An excellent 3D modeling program that allows you to build any building or interior. If your story often uses certain locations, build them once and forget about them - you won’t have to rack your brains about drawing them any more. The disadvantage of the program is the price. When I bought it, my heart was beating somewhere in my throat... Or it was a toad that was strangling me.
2. Google map. Do you need to depict streets? Types of foreign countries? Or do you want to see what a store or restaurant looks like from the inside? This program will help you! Click the print screen and you have excellent references in your hands. And most importantly, it's free.
3. Programs for 3D character modeling. There are authors who completely create their characters in 3D and insert them into the manga. Or they trace the figure already on top. Personally, I often use 3D blanks in ClipStudio when I can’t decide on a pose or angle. Very comfortably.
The process of working on Costa's manga
4. Photography. If you can’t depict something, the easiest way is to photograph it and draw based on the photograph. Objects, hands, poses, buildings, etc. Do not forget about copyrights and do not use pictures that you found on the Internet. Better take photos yourself.
From the Instagram of the author of the manga “JADE”
